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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of the Heart: The Cardiac Cycle01:18

Physiology of the Heart: The Cardiac Cycle

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The cardiac cycle describes the events from one heartbeat to the next. It includes three main phases: diastole, atrial systole, and ventricular systole, all driven by changes in chamber pressures and the function of heart valves.
Diastole: The Relaxation Phase
During diastole, all four heart chambers relax. The atrioventricular (AV) valves open, and the semilunar valves close. This phase sees the lowest chamber pressures, promoting ventricular filling. Venous blood enters the heart through the...
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Cardiac Cycle01:29

Cardiac Cycle

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The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of events that occur in the heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next. It's characterized by alternating periods of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart muscles.
During the cardiac cycle, blood flow through the heart is regulated entirely by changing pressure gradients. This sequence of events begins with the heart in a state of total relaxation, known as mid-to-late diastole, during which blood passively flows from...
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The Cardiac Cycle01:13

The Cardiac Cycle

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The heart beats rhythmically in a sequence called the cardiac cycle—a rapid coordination of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).
The Process
Electrical signals—sent from the sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrial wall to the atrioventricular (AV) node between the right atrium and right ventricle—cause both atria to simultaneously contract. When the signal reaches the AV node, it pauses for approximately a tenth of a second, allowing the atria to contract and...
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Regulation of Heart Rates01:31

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The regulation of heart rate is a complex process controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), hormonal influences, and intrinsic cardiac mechanisms. The ANS has two main components: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).
The SNS increases heart rate through the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine, which act on beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart. This action increases the rate of depolarization in the sinoatrial (SA) node, the heart's...
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Cardiac Action Potential01:30

Cardiac Action Potential

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Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
The cardiac action potential process involves a series of phases characterized by the movement of ions across the cardiac cell membranes, leading to the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocytes.
Ionic Basis of Cardiac Action Potentials
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Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm01:19

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

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The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase...
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The cardiac cycle modulates learning-related interoception.

Miriam S Nokia1, Weiyong Xu1, Jan Wikgren1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.

Trends in Cognitive Sciences
|May 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Absolute prediction error signals, measured by heart-evoked potentials, vary with the cardiac cycle. This variation correlates with reward learning in healthy adults.

Keywords:
embodied cognitionheartbeatinteroceptionlearningprediction error

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Behavioral guidance relies on aligning expectations with outcomes.
  • Prediction error (PE) signals are crucial for learning and adaptation.
  • Heart-evoked potentials (HEPs) offer a physiological measure linked to neural processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of cardiac cycle phase on absolute prediction error (PE)-related heart-evoked potentials (HEPs).
  • To determine the relationship between cardiac-phase-dependent HEPs and reward learning.
  • To explore the neurophysiological underpinnings of expectation-outcome compatibility.

Main Methods:

  • Electrophysiological recordings of heart-evoked potentials (HEPs).
  • Analysis of HEPs in relation to prediction error magnitude.
  • Correlation analysis between HEPs and behavioral measures of reward learning.
  • Manipulation of outcome timing relative to the cardiac cycle.

Main Results:

  • Absolute prediction error (PE)-related heart-evoked potentials (HEPs) demonstrated significant differences based on the cardiac cycle phase at the time of outcome.
  • The magnitude of this cardiac-phase-dependent HEP effect was positively correlated with the degree of reward learning observed in participants.
  • This suggests a modulation of prediction error processing by the cardiac cycle.

Conclusions:

  • The cardiac cycle phase influences the neural processing of prediction errors, as reflected in heart-evoked potentials.
  • Cardiac-phase-dependent prediction error signaling is associated with enhanced reward learning capabilities in healthy adults.
  • These findings highlight the intricate interplay between cardiovascular physiology and cognitive processes like learning and decision-making.