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Related Concept Videos

Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
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Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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Decoding trends in mRNA vaccine research: A comprehensive bibliometric study.

Chaobin Zhang1, Yuhang Wang2, Jianding Peng2

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Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
|May 30, 2024
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Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines are revolutionizing infectious disease prevention, offering rapid development and adaptability. This study maps the field

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Area of Science:

  • Vaccinology
  • Biotechnology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have emerged as a critical tool in combating infectious diseases, exemplified by their role during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • The rapid development, adaptability to new variants, and simplicity of mRNA vaccine technology have led to significant global recognition, including the 2023 Nobel Prize.
  • The socio-economic impact of infectious diseases underscores the importance of innovative vaccine platforms like mRNA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of mRNA vaccine research.
  • To map the developmental history, achievements, and key players in the field of mRNA vaccines.
  • To identify current research hotspots and future priorities in mRNA vaccine technology.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database for a bibliometric analysis of 5,512 mRNA vaccine papers published between 2003 and 2023.
  • Employed cooperation mapping, co-citation analysis, and keyword clustering to analyze research trends and collaborations.
  • Generated knowledge maps to visualize the contributions of countries, institutions, authors, and journals.

Main Results:

  • Identified key countries, institutions, influential authors, and leading journals in mRNA vaccine research.
  • Highlighted seminal references that have shaped the field.
  • Revealed current research frontiers including immune responses, stability enhancement, cancer applications, and infectious disease control.

Conclusions:

  • mRNA vaccines represent a transformative advancement in preventing infectious diseases.
  • This bibliometric analysis provides valuable insights into the growth trajectory and key research areas of mRNA vaccines.
  • The findings can guide future research priorities and technological advancements in vaccine development.