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Simulations predict intermediate-mass black hole formation in globular clusters.

Michiko S Fujii1, Long Wang2, Ataru Tanikawa3

  • 1Department of Astronomy, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.

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|May 30, 2024
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Globular clusters can form intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) exceeding 1000 solar masses. High-density star formation within parent clouds enables sufficient mergers to overcome gravitational wave recoil, allowing IMBH retention.

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Area of Science:

  • Astrophysics
  • Stellar Evolution
  • Black Hole Formation

Background:

  • The origin of intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs, 100–105 M⊙) remains a significant debate in astrophysics.
  • Globular clusters (GCs) are hypothesized to host IMBHs formed through mergers of stellar remnants and stars.
  • Previous simulations suggested IMBH formation in GCs is limited to <500 M⊙ due to gravitational wave recoil.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential for globular clusters to form IMBHs exceeding the previously simulated mass limits.
  • To determine if GC formation environments can facilitate the growth of IMBHs beyond the ejection threshold.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted detailed star-by-star simulations of globular cluster formation.
  • Modeled the impact of high-density star formation within giant molecular clouds on stellar mergers and black hole growth.

Main Results:

  • High-density star formation environments within parent giant molecular clouds can drive sufficient massive star mergers.
  • These mergers can overcome the mass threshold previously limiting IMBH formation in GCs.
  • Simulations indicate the possibility of forming IMBHs greater than 103 M⊙.

Conclusions:

  • Globular clusters are viable environments for forming massive intermediate-mass black holes.
  • The initial high-density conditions of GC formation are crucial for overcoming gravitational wave recoil limitations.
  • IMBHs formed within GCs can achieve masses large enough to remain gravitationally bound, even with significant recoil kicks.