Endoplasmic reticulum transporter OAT2 regulates drug metabolism and interaction

Xenobiotic metabolic reactions in the hepatocyte endoplasmic reticulum (ER) including UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and carboxylesterase play central roles in the detoxification of medical agents with small- and medium-sized molecules. Although the catalytic sites of these enzymes exist inside of ER, the molecular mechanism for membrane permeation in the ER remains enigmatic. Here, we investigated that organic anion transporter 2 (OAT2) regulates the detoxification reactions of xenobiotic agents including anti-cancer capecitabine and antiviral zidovudine, via the permeation process across the ER membrane in the liver. Pharmacokinetic studies in patients with colorectal cancer revealed that the half-lives of capecitabine in rs2270860 (1324C > T) variants was 1.4 times higher than that in the C/C variants. Moreover, the hydrolysis of capecitabine to 5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine in primary cultured human hepatocytes was reduced by OAT2 inhibitor ketoprofen, whereas capecitabine hydrolysis directly assessed in human liver microsomes were not affected. The immunostaining of OAT2 was merged with ER marker calnexin in human liver periportal zone. These results suggested that OAT2 is involved in distribution of capecitabine into ER. Furthermore, we clarified that OAT2 plays an essential role in drug-drug interactions between zidovudine and valproic acid, leading to the alteration in zidovudine exposure to the body. Our findings contribute to mechanistically understanding medical agent detoxification, shedding light on the ER membrane permeation process as xenobiotic metabolic machinery to improve chemical changes in hydrophilic compounds.