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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
The largest pool of nitrogen available in the terrestrial ecosystem is gaseous nitrogen (N2) from the air, but this...
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The Nitrogen Cycle01:49

The Nitrogen Cycle

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Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of nitrogen on Earth is nitrogen gas, which cannot be used by most animals and plants. Thus, nitrogen gas must first be converted into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can be cycled through other living organisms. The use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers and animal waste products in human agriculture has greatly influenced the...
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Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

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Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
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2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

4.2K
Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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Comparative Excretory Systems02:24

Comparative Excretory Systems

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Animals have evolved different strategies for excretion, the removal of waste from the body. Most waste must be dissolved in water to be excreted, so an animal’s excretory strategy directly affects its water balance.
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Overview of Metabolism01:40

Overview of Metabolism

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Living cells constantly carry out various chemical reactions which are necessary for their proper functioning. These reactions are interlinked to one another via multiple pathways. The collection of these chemical reactions is known as metabolism.
Plant Metabolism
Sunlight, the primary source of energy in plants, is first absorbed by the chlorophyll pigments present in their leaves. Plants then use this energy to carry out photosynthesis, where water is oxidized into oxygen and carbon dioxide...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2025

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O
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Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O

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Atmospheric reduced nitrogen: Sources, transformations, effects, and management.

Charles Driscoll1, Jana B Milford2, Daven K Henze2

  • 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.

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|May 31, 2024
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Human activities are increasing reduced nitrogen emissions, impacting health and ecosystems. Emission controls must now focus on reduced nitrogen, not just oxidized forms, to protect the environment.

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Automated, High-resolution Mobile Collection System for the Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of NOx
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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Emission control programs have historically prioritized oxidized nitrogen, leading to increasing emissions of reduced nitrogen from sources like livestock and fertilizers.
  • Reduced nitrogen emissions are rising globally, with potential underestimation in the U.S., creating a discrepancy between emission and deposition trends.
  • Atmospheric ammonia (a reduced nitrogen form) contributes to fine particulate matter formation, impacting human health, visibility, and climate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize current research on the effects, emissions, transformations, and management of reduced nitrogen compounds.
  • To highlight the need for updated emission control strategies focusing on reduced nitrogen.
  • To assess the impact of shifting nitrogen emission profiles on atmospheric processes and ecosystems.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing scientific literature on reduced nitrogen.
  • Analysis of atmospheric chemistry and transport models.
  • Examination of ecological impacts and ecosystem recovery pathways.

Main Results:

  • Decreasing sulfur and nitrogen oxide emissions, coupled with rising ammonia, alter ammonia's gas-particle partitioning and reduce long-range transport.
  • Elevated nitrogen deposition negatively affects biodiversity and biogeochemical functions in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
  • Reduced nitrogen deposition could alleviate critical load exceedances in many U.S. regions.

Conclusions:

  • Reduced nitrogen emissions pose significant risks to human health, ecosystems, and climate, necessitating regulatory attention.
  • Enhanced monitoring, including satellite remote sensing and ground-based measurements, is crucial for understanding and managing ammonia emissions.
  • Adopting critical loads in environmental standards and learning from European approaches to agricultural and transportation emission controls are recommended.