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Hydrogen energy systems: Technologies, trends, and future prospects.
Abdellatif M Sadeq1, Raad Z Homod2, Ahmed Kadhim Hussein3
1Qatar University, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Doha, Qatar.
The Science of the Total Environment
|May 31, 2024
Summary
Hydrogen energy offers a clean alternative to fossil fuels, potentially cutting CO2 emissions significantly. However, challenges in production efficiency, cost, and storage must be addressed for widespread adoption of this sustainable energy source.
Area of Science:
- Energy Systems
- Climate Change Mitigation
- Sustainable Energy
Background:
- Hydrogen possesses a high energy density (120 MJ/kg), presenting a viable alternative to fossil fuels.
- Large-scale hydrogen adoption could reduce global CO2 emissions by up to 830 million tonnes annually.
Purpose of the Study:
- To critically examine hydrogen energy systems.
- To identify key challenges and strategic advancements needed for hydrogen's role in a sustainable energy future.
Main Methods:
- Review of current hydrogen production technologies, focusing on electrolysis efficiency.
- Analysis of hydrogen storage requirements and associated material/infrastructure needs.
- Examination of economic factors, including production costs and market integration.
Main Results:
- Current electrolysis efficiencies (60-80%) and production costs (~$5/kg) limit hydrogen technology expansion.
- Hydrogen storage necessitates extreme conditions (700 bar or -253°C), demanding advanced materials and infrastructure.
- Significant cost reduction (below $2/kg) and efficiency improvements (above 80%) are crucial.
Conclusions:
- Overcoming technological and infrastructural hurdles is essential for economic viability and market integration of hydrogen.
- Comprehensive strategic planning and interdisciplinary efforts are required to maximize hydrogen's contribution to a low-carbon future.
- Robust regulatory frameworks are critical to support the development and deployment of hydrogen energy systems.
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