Occurrence characteristics and potential risk of microplastics under different land conditions

Microplastics (MPs) pollution has caused widespread concern, more researchers have focused on MPs in farmland soil. However, the distribution of MPs in different land use types, land restoration years and crop types remained largely unexplored. Therefore, the study investigated the distribution characteristics and evaluated ecological risk of MPs in soil of northern Shaanxi Province, China. The abundance, particle size, morphology and polymer types of MPs in soil were analyzed by sample collection, Raman spectroscopy and laser direct infrared spectroscopy (LDIR). The ecological risk index (H) and pollution load index (PLI) were employed to assess the risks posed by MPs in the soil. It was shown that the concentration of MPs in farmland soil was the highest (4483 items·kg^-1) among the different land use types. The average abundance of microplastics in farmland soil was 1.98 times than that in industrial park soil. An increase in restoration years corresponded with a decrease in MPs abundance and an increase in smaller-sized MPs. In addition, the content of MPs in the soil of perennial crops was more stable, with fluctuations less than 25%, and the size of MPs was smaller than that of the annual crops. The main types of MPs in the soil of the study area were PP (28.5%) and PET (24.1%), MPs with size between 20 and 40 μm were dominated. Based on the pollution load index (PLI), 51.9% of the sampling sites were categorized as moderately polluted, and the MPs pollution risk of farmland soil was the highest. Mild and moderate pollution caused fewer adverse impact, while extremely strong pollution was detrimental to ecosystems and human health. In general, the study would provide a foundational understanding of MPs pollution levels and environment risk associated with different land use types, land restoration years and crop types.