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T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2025

Immunofluorescence Staining Using IBA1 and TMEM119 for Microglial Density, Morphology and Peripheral Myeloid Cell Infiltration Analysis in Mouse Brain

Immunofluorescence Staining Using IBA1 and TMEM119 for Microglial Density, Morphology and Peripheral Myeloid Cell Infiltration Analysis in Mouse Brain

Published on: October 27, 2019

Microglia and TREM2.

Jennifer Pocock¹, Foteini Vasilopoulou¹, Elina Svensson¹

¹Department of Neuroinflammation, And Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N1PJ, UK.

Neuropharmacology

|May 31, 2024

Summary

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is crucial for microglial function in the brain. Research highlights TREM2's role in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, using iPSC models to understand its mechanisms.

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Published on: April 13, 2017

Area of Science:

Neuroimmunology
Cellular Biology
Neurodegenerative Disease Research

Background:

TREM2 is a microglial receptor critical for brain homeostasis.
TREM2 dysfunction is linked to neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and FTD.
iPSC-derived microglia (iMG) offer a model to study TREM2 in human disease.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advances in TREM2 biology and its impact on microglial function.
To emphasize findings from iPSC-derived microglia with TREM2 loss-of-function mutations.
To explore TREM2's role in various neurodegenerative conditions.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on TREM2 biology and signaling.
Analysis of data from iPSC-derived microglia (iMG) models.
Discussion of TREM2's downstream functions and clinical relevance.

Main Results:

TREM2 signaling alterations are associated with risk variants for FTD and AD.
TREM2 mediates microglial phagocytosis of debris, amyloid peptides, and stressed cells.
TREM2 influences microglial survival, migration, and inflammatory responses.

Conclusions:

TREM2 plays a multifaceted role in microglial responses to damage and in neuroprotection.
iPSC models are invaluable for dissecting TREM2's contribution to neurodegenerative disease mechanisms.
Understanding TREM2 is key to developing therapies for AD, PD, MS, and ALS.