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Related Concept Videos

Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Muscles that Move the Leg01:23

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The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
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Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

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The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The...
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Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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Coronal alignment parameters of the knee predict osteoarthritis development : a Coronal Plane Alignment of the Knee classification-based analysis using the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study data.

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Robotic-assisted surgery and functional alignment in total knee arthroplasty: the RASKAL registry-nested 2 × 2 factorial randomized trial.

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Dynamic changes to the tibiofemoral joint line with increasing osteoarthritis severity and its relationship to constitutional alignment : a radiological analysis of 3,320 knees.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2025

Tissue Collection and RNA Extraction from the Human Osteoarthritic Knee Joint
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Tissue Collection and RNA Extraction from the Human Osteoarthritic Knee Joint

Published on: July 22, 2021

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Not all knees are the same.

Samuel J MacDessi1,2,3, Victor A van de Graaf3, Jil A Wood3

  • 1CPAK Research Group, Sydney, Australia.

The Bone & Joint Journal
|May 31, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mechanical alignment in total knee arthroplasty can cause soft-tissue imbalance. The Coronal Plane Alignment of the Knee (CPAK) classification helps predict and manage this imbalance during surgery.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Biomechanics
  • Knee arthroplasty

Background:

  • Current mechanical alignment techniques in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) aim for a neutral joint position.
  • This approach can disrupt a patient's natural alignment and joint line obliquity, leading to soft-tissue imbalance.
  • Such imbalances may necessitate extensive soft-tissue releases, potentially compromising surgical outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the Coronal Plane Alignment of the Knee (CPAK) classification system.
  • To demonstrate how CPAK can predict soft-tissue imbalance associated with mechanical alignment in TKA.
  • To provide practical strategies for bone balancing to minimize soft-tissue releases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the CPAK classification system for coronal plane knee alignment.
  • Analysis of the relationship between CPAK types and soft-tissue imbalance after mechanical alignment.
  • Guidance on surgical techniques for bone balancing based on CPAK classification.

Main Results:

  • The CPAK classification effectively categorizes knee alignment patterns.
  • Specific CPAK patterns are associated with a higher risk of soft-tissue imbalance following mechanical alignment.
  • Tailored bone balancing strategies can reduce the need for soft-tissue releases.

Conclusions:

  • The CPAK classification is a valuable tool for predicting soft-tissue imbalance in TKA.
  • Implementing CPAK-guided bone balancing can optimize surgical technique.
  • This approach aims to improve functional outcomes by addressing constitutional alignment and minimizing soft-tissue releases.