Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Perspectives on Implementing Virtual Control Groups in Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity Studies.

Birth defects research·2025
Same author

Subdivided Historical Data to Assess Replicability of the Rat Embryo-Fetal Developmental Toxicity Study.

Birth defects research·2025
Same author

The 6Rs of EFDT Studies.

Birth defects research·2024
Same author

Comments on "Maternal-fetal safety evaluation of an aqueous extract of Casearia sylvestris [AECS] leaves in rats" (Nagaoka et al., 2023 [DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2257]).

Birth defects research·2024
Same author

A critical look at adjusted fetal weights in rats.

Birth defects research·2023
Same author

Recommendation to change the peer review process.

Birth defects research·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2025

Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse POP Quantification System
03:49

Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse POP Quantification System

Published on: September 20, 2018

19.0K

Rodent anogenital distance recommendations.

L David Wise1

  • 1Independent Teratologist, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Birth Defects Research
|June 1, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Standardizing anogenital distance (AGD) measurement in rodents is crucial for endocrine disruptor research. This study recommends precise microscopic measurement techniques and a simple body weight adjustment for consistent, comparable results.

Keywords:
AGDAGD indexAGIadjusted AGDanogenitalanogenital distanceanogenital indexfetusmousenormalized AGDpupratrelative AGDrodent

More Related Videos

Determination of Reproductive Competence by Confirming Pubertal Onset and Performing a Fertility Assay in Mice and Rats
06:38

Determination of Reproductive Competence by Confirming Pubertal Onset and Performing a Fertility Assay in Mice and Rats

Published on: October 13, 2018

15.4K
Rodent Estrous Cycle Monitoring Utilizing Vaginal Lavage: No Such Thing As a Normal Cycle
09:05

Rodent Estrous Cycle Monitoring Utilizing Vaginal Lavage: No Such Thing As a Normal Cycle

Published on: August 30, 2021

7.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2025

Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse POP Quantification System
03:49

Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse POP Quantification System

Published on: September 20, 2018

19.0K
Determination of Reproductive Competence by Confirming Pubertal Onset and Performing a Fertility Assay in Mice and Rats
06:38

Determination of Reproductive Competence by Confirming Pubertal Onset and Performing a Fertility Assay in Mice and Rats

Published on: October 13, 2018

15.4K
Rodent Estrous Cycle Monitoring Utilizing Vaginal Lavage: No Such Thing As a Normal Cycle
09:05

Rodent Estrous Cycle Monitoring Utilizing Vaginal Lavage: No Such Thing As a Normal Cycle

Published on: August 30, 2021

7.4K

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive toxicology
  • Endocrinology
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Anogenital distance (AGD) measurement in rodents has been used since 1912.
  • Increased focus on endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has heightened the use of AGD as a biomarker for fetal androgen effects.
  • Existing literature shows variability in AGD measurement landmarks, methods, and body weight adjustments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide standardized recommendations for the precise measurement and analysis of rodent AGD.
  • To address inconsistencies in current AGD assessment methods.
  • To enhance the reliability and comparability of AGD data in toxicological studies.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature review of studies measuring rodent AGD was conducted.
  • Regulatory guidance documents were also reviewed.
  • Four different body weight adjustment methods were statistically evaluated using existing data from multiple rat studies.

Main Results:

  • Significant variability exists in reported AGD data due to differences in species, measurement landmarks, and techniques.
  • Not all studies adequately adjust AGD for body weight variations, impacting comparability.
  • The four evaluated body weight adjustment methods demonstrated comparable outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Recommend using a microscopic method for measuring AGD in late-stage rodent fetuses and early postnatal pups.
  • Identify the caudal edge of the genital tubercle and the cranial edge of the anus as precise, identifiable landmarks.
  • Advocate for dividing individual AGDs by the cube root of body weight as a simple and effective adjustment method.