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Related Concept Videos

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions01:16

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions

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In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this...
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Organic compounds with conjugated double bonds show strong absorption features in the UV–visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum attributed to π → π* electronic excitations. Generally, a UV–vis absorption spectrum is recorded as a plot of absorbance vs wavelength. The wavelength of maximum absorbance, which manifests as a peak in the absorption spectrum, is denoted as λmax.
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Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission01:14

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Molecules possess discrete energy levels called quantum states. Unlike atoms, which have simpler energy levels, molecules possess additional rotational and vibrational energy levels.  Each energy level is separated by an energy gap, with the gaps between adjacent electronic, vibrational, and rotational levels varying significantly. The three types of energy levels in a diatomic molecule are shown in Figure 1.
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Infrared spectroscopy is primarily used to determine the types of bonds and functional groups. In carboxylic acid derivatives, a typical carbonyl bond absorption is observed around 1650–1850 cm−1. For esters, the absorption is recorded at around 1740 cm−1, while acid halides show the absorption at about 1800 cm−1. Another acid derivative, the acid anhydrides, exhibit two carbonyl absorption around 1760 cm−1 and 1820 cm−1, arising from the symmetrical and...
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Infrared spectroscopy, also known as vibrational spectroscopy, is mainly used to determine the types of bonds and functional groups in molecules. In aldehydes and ketones, the carbonyl (C=O) bond shows an absorption around 1710 cm-1. The C=O bond vibration of an aldehyde occurs at lower frequencies than that of a ketone. In addition to the C=O absorption in an aldehyde, the aldehydic C–H bond also gives two peaks in the 2700–2800 cm-1 range. This absorption, coupled with the...
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Updated: Jun 24, 2025

In situ FTIR Spectroscopy as a Tool for Investigation of Gas/Solid Interaction: Water-Enhanced CO2 Adsorption in UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework
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Operando Spectroscopy to Understand Dynamic Structural Changes of Solid Catalysts.

Bidyut Bikash Sarma1,2,3, Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt4,2

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Chimia
|June 1, 2024
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Operando spectroscopy is crucial for understanding dynamic catalysts under reaction conditions. This technique reveals subtle changes impacting catalytic activity and selectivity in various industrial applications.

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Cell designDynamic structureOperando spectroscopySolid catalystSynchrotron methods

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis and Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Heterogeneous catalysts are dynamic materials that change under reaction conditions.
  • Understanding these changes is vital for optimizing catalytic activity and selectivity.
  • Operando spectroscopy provides key insights into catalyst behavior under true reaction environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of operando spectroscopy in catalysis research.
  • To showcase diverse applications of operando spectroscopy in chemical processes.
  • To discuss advancements and future directions in operando spectroscopic techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing complementary operando techniques including X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), and Raman spectroscopy.
  • Employing specialized operando cells capable of high temperatures (400-1000 °C) and pressures (up to 40 bar).
  • Balancing spectroscopic requirements with catalytic reaction conditions for optimal data acquisition.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the application of operando spectroscopy in emission control (CO oxidation).
  • Showcased its utility in oxidation catalysis (isobutene oxidation) and power-to-X processes (electrocatalysis, CO2 hydrogenation).
  • Illustrated its role in non-oxidative methane conversion, highlighting relevance to the chemical industry.

Conclusions:

  • Operando spectroscopy is indispensable for elucidating catalyst structure-performance relationships under realistic conditions.
  • The choice of operando technique and cell design is critical for successful studies.
  • Emerging methods like modulation-excitation spectroscopy (MES) and QEXAFS promise enhanced sensitivity and broader applicability.