Molecular genotyping of Babesia caballi

Babesia caballi is an intra-erythrocytic parasite causing equine piroplasmosis. Three B. caballi genotypes (A, B, and C) have been identified based on the 18 S rRNA and rhoptry-associated protein (rap-1) gene sequences. These variant parasite genotypes compromise the diagnostic utility of the WOAH-recommended serological assays in declaring horses free of equine piroplasmosis. Although a gene encoding a spherical body protein 4 (sbp4) has recently been identified as a potential antigen for the serological detection of B. caballi, the ability of this antigen to detect the different geographical strains has not been determined. The molecular distinction between variant B. caballi genotypes is limited and therefore we developed molecular typing assays for the rapid detection and quantification of distinct parasite genotypes. Field samples were screened for the presence of B. caballi using an established multiplex equine piroplasmosis qPCR assay. In this study, B. caballi genotype A was not detected in any field samples screened. However, phylogenetic analysis of the amplified sbp4 and 18 S rRNA genes confirmed the phylogenetic groupings of the South African isolates into either B. caballi genotypes B or C. A multiple sequence alignment of the sbp4 gene sequences obtained in this study together with the published sbp4 sequences representing B. caballi genotype A, were used to identify conserved regions within the gene to design three primer pairs and three genotype-specific TaqMan minor-groove binder (MGB™) probes. The qPCR assays were shown to be specific and efficient in the detection and differentiation between B. caballi genotypes A, B, and C and could be used as a diagnostic assay to prevent the unintentional spread of variant B. caballi genotypes globally.