Effect of two-photon absorption on trapping of plasmonic nanoparticles

In this paper, we introduce a theoretical framework for optical trapping that integrates nonlinear polarization within the dipole approximation. This theory represents the most comprehensive analytic model to date capable of resolving the discrepancies between the observed and simulated trapping of plasmonic nanoparticles. Our theory elucidates how two-photon absorption can account for the stable trapping of gold nanoparticles, including their longitudinal stability, especially near their plasmon resonance. Furthermore, the experimentally observed split potential wells in the transverse plane, which are attributed to two-photon absorption, are in close agreement with our model's predictions. Finally, this study provides new insights into the mechanism of optical trapping under conditions of intense light-matter interactions.