Waveguide-integrated van der Waals heterostructure photodetector on a lithium niobate on insulator platform

Lithium niobate (LN) photonics has gained significant interest for their distinct material properties. However, achieving monolithically integrated photodetectors on lithium niobate on an insulator (LNOI) platform for communication wavelengths remains a challenge due to the large bandgap and extremely low electrical conductivity of LN material. A two-dimensional (2D) material photodetector is an ideal solution for LNOI photonics with a strong light-matter interaction and simple integration technique. In this work, a van der Waals heterostructure photodiode composed of a p-type black phosphorus layer and an n-type MoS₂ layer is successfully demonstrated for photodetection at communication wavelengths on a LNOI platform. The LNOI waveguide-integrated BP-MoS₂ photodetector exhibits a dark current as low as 0.21 nA and an on/off ratio exceeding 200 under zero voltage bias with an incident power of 13.93 µW. A responsivity as high as 1.46 A/W is achieved at -1 V bias with a reasonable dark current around 2.33 µA. With the advantages of high responsivity, low dark current, and simple fabrication process, it is promising for the monolithically integrated photodetector application for LNOI photonic platforms at communication wavelengths.