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The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
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Acetoacetic ester synthesis is a method to obtain ketones from alkyl halides and β-keto esters. The reaction occurs in the presence of an alkoxide base that abstracts the acidic proton of the β-keto esters. The step results in an enolate ion which is doubly stabilized. The enolate then reacts with an alkyl halide via the SN2 process to produce an alkylated ester intermediate with a new C–C bond. The hydrolysis of the intermediate, followed by acidification, results in an...
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Malonic ester synthesis is a method to obtain α substituted carboxylic acids from ꞵ-diesters such as diethyl malonate and alkyl halides.
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Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
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The pinacol and McMurry reactions involve the reductive coupling of ketones or aldehydes. Similarly, the bimolecular reductive coupling of two ester molecules in the presence of sodium metal in an aprotic solvent yields an α-hydroxy ketone product. The α-hydroxy ketone is also called acyloin, so the reaction is referred to as ‘acyloin condensation.’
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Hydrolysis of esters under acidic conditions proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. In the presence of excess water, the reaction proceeds in a reversible manner, forming carboxylic acids and alcohols.
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Updated: Jun 24, 2025

Green and Low-cost Production of Thermally Stable and Carboxylated Cellulose Nanocrystals and Nanofibrils Using Highly Recyclable Dicarboxylic Acids
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Green and Low-cost Production of Thermally Stable and Carboxylated Cellulose Nanocrystals and Nanofibrils Using Highly Recyclable Dicarboxylic Acids

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Eco-friendly cellulose-based antioxidation film by partial esterification.

Chunmei Xu1, Shuo Yang1, Anxiang Chen1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
|June 2, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed multifunctional antioxidant films using TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanocrystals (TOCNC) and gallic acid (GA). These TOCNC-GA films exhibit enhanced properties, showing great potential for antioxidant packaging and food preservation applications.

Keywords:
Antioxidation activityEsterificationGallic acidTEMPO oxidized cellulose nanocrystals

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) offer excellent dispersion and thermal stability.
  • Developing advanced functional films is crucial for material innovation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create multifunctional antioxidant films by combining TOCNC and gallic acid.
  • To investigate the structural, mechanical, and antioxidant properties of TOCNC-GA films.

Main Methods:

  • Esterification of TOCNC with gallic acid (GA) to form TOCNC-GA films.
  • Characterization using SEM, FTIR, and XPS.
  • Evaluation of antioxidant activity via DPPH assay and free radical scavenging.

Main Results:

  • TOCNC-GA films showed improved interfacial compatibility, mechanical properties, and water resistance compared to pure TOCNC films.
  • The optimal GA:TOCNC ratio of 1:1 yielded superior film characteristics.
  • Antioxidant properties reached 43.8% and 71.85% after 6 and 24 hours, respectively.

Conclusions:

  • The esterification of TOCNC with GA successfully produced functional antioxidant films.
  • These films possess enhanced properties suitable for advanced applications.
  • The developed films show significant potential in antioxidant packaging and food preservation.