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Related Concept Videos

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Circadian rhythms are cyclic changes that are crucial in plasma drug concentrations. Various standard circadian parameters, including core body temperature, heart rate, and other cardiovascular factors, directly impact disease states and the therapeutic response to drug therapy.
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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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The sleep cycle, an integral part of human health, consists of several stages with distinct characteristics and functions. It begins with a transition from wakefulness to sleep, known as the light sleep phase, followed by the restorative deep sleep phase, essential for physical recovery and growth. The cycle concludes with the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) phase, characterized by high brain activity and vivid dreaming. Insomnia, a prevalent sleep disorder, involves difficulty falling asleep, staying...
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Pulse rhythm01:30

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Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
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Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
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Chronopharmacokinetics studies the temporal change in drug absorption and elimination. These changes can be cyclical or non-cyclical. Cyclical changes occur over a regular interval, while non-cyclical changes occur over a longer, irregular period.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2025

Collecting Sleep, Circadian, Fatigue, and Performance Data in Complex Operational Environments
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Circadian and ultradian rhythms: Clinical implications.

Stafford L Lightman1, Becky L Conway-Campbell1

  • 1Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.

Journal of Internal Medicine
|June 3, 2024
PubMed
Summary

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis exhibits dynamic oscillations crucial for gene activation and physiological regulation. New wearable technology enables precise 24-hour cortisol monitoring, improving diagnostics and personalized hormone replacement therapy.

Keywords:
Addison'sCushing'scircadianglucocorticoidsstressultradian

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neuroscience
  • Chronobiology

Background:

  • The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis operates with complex circadian and ultradian rhythms.
  • These oscillations are vital for maintaining homeostasis and responding to environmental changes.
  • Glucocorticoids (GCs) play a critical role in regulating brain and liver functions, including synaptic plasticity, memory, appetite, and metabolism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the significance of GC oscillations in physiological regulation.
  • To highlight the impact of abnormal GC patterns on mood, appetite, and metabolism.
  • To introduce advancements in measuring 24-hour cortisol profiles for improved patient care.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on HPA axis dynamics and GC hormone functions.
  • Discussion of the implications of GC therapy on metabolic and mood regulation.
  • Introduction of novel wearable technologies for continuous 24-hour cortisol monitoring.

Main Results:

  • GC oscillations are fundamental for GC-dependent gene activation in the brain and liver.
  • Disruptions in GC patterns are linked to mood, appetite, and metabolic dysregulation.
  • Wearable technology facilitates the measurement of 24-hour cortisol profiles, including during sleep.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding cortisol rhythms is essential for endocrinologists and the pharmaceutical industry.
  • Improved diagnostics and personalized hormone replacement therapy are achievable with new monitoring techniques.
  • Defining physiological normality through continuous monitoring will enhance patient treatment strategies.