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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR01:15

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR

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The axial and equatorial protons in cyclohexane can be distinguished by performing a variable-temperature NMR experiment. In this process, except for one proton, the remaining eleven protons are replaced by deuterium. The deuterium substitution avoids the possible peak splitting caused by the spin-spin coupling between the adjacent protons. The remaining proton flips between the axial and equatorial positions.
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¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

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The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
1.1K
Molecular Orbital Theory II03:51

Molecular Orbital Theory II

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Molecular Orbital Energy Diagrams
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Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility02:34

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Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Molar mass, molecular shape, and polarity affect the strength of different intermolecular forces, which influence the magnitude of physical properties across a family of molecules.
Temporary attractive forces like dispersion are present in all molecules, whether they are polar or nonpolar. They...
44.2K
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

1.3K
A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
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1.3K
¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

1.0K
When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
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Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
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Phase Separation in Cold Para-H_{2} D_{2} Clusters.

Russell Sliter1, Kim Hyeon-Deuk2, Andrey F Vilesov1,3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|June 3, 2024
PubMed
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Researchers observed phase separation in liquid para-hydrogen (H₂) and deuterium (D₂) clusters at low temperatures. This finding supports predictions for these isotopes behaving as quantum liquids, similar to helium isotopes.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Fluids and Condensed Matter Physics
  • Low-Temperature Physics
  • Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics

Background:

  • Low-temperature phase separation is a known phenomenon in quantum fluids like helium-3 and helium-4 mixtures.
  • Hydrogen isotopes, specifically para-hydrogen (H₂) and deuterium (D₂), have been theoretically predicted to exhibit quantum liquid behavior and superfluidity at low temperatures (below 1 K).
  • Phase separation in H₂-D₂ mixtures was predicted at temperatures below 3 K, but experimental verification has been challenging due to freezing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential for phase separation in mixtures of para-hydrogen (H₂) and deuterium (D₂) at low temperatures.
  • To experimentally confirm the quantum liquid nature of H₂-D₂ mixtures and observe isotope phase separation, deferring the freezing point.
  • To validate theoretical predictions of quantum behavior in hydrogen isotope mixtures.

Main Methods:

  • Production of para-H₂ and D₂ clusters at an estimated temperature of approximately 2 K to prevent freezing.
  • Vibrational Raman spectroscopy was employed to study the state and properties of the produced clusters.
  • Quantum molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to corroborate experimental findings.

Main Results:

  • Experimental evidence indicates that the para-H₂ and D₂ clusters exist in a liquid state at the studied low temperatures.
  • The vibrational Raman spectroscopy results clearly demonstrate the phase separation of para-H₂ and D₂ isotopes within the clusters.
  • Quantum molecular dynamics simulations independently support and confirm the observed phase separation phenomenon.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides the first experimental observation of phase separation in liquid para-hydrogen and deuterium mixtures.
  • These findings strongly suggest that hydrogen isotopes can indeed behave as quantum liquids, exhibiting properties analogous to helium isotopes.
  • The research validates theoretical predictions and opens new avenues for exploring quantum phenomena in molecular hydrogen systems.