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Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study

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Cognitive impairment in long-COVID.

Tozkir Julide¹, Turkmen Cigdem², Topcular Baris³

¹Health Services Vocational College, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey.

Ideggyogyaszati Szemle

|June 3, 2024

Summary

Long Covid, a condition with persistent symptoms after infection, often includes significant cognitive impairment like brain fog. Understanding its causes and treatments is crucial for patient recovery and future research.

Keywords:

COVID-19 brain fog cognition cognitive impairment long-Covid

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Area of Science:

Neurology and Infectious Diseases
Cognitive Science and Neuropsychology

Background:

Long Covid is a complex condition characterized by persistent symptoms weeks to months after COVID-19 infection.
Cognitive impairment, including brain fog, concentration difficulties, and memory issues, significantly impacts daily life for affected individuals.
Understanding the multifaceted nature of long-term cognitive deficits post-COVID-19 is vital for developing effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive overview of cognitive impairment in long-COVID.
To detail its definition, symptoms, pathophysiology, risk factors, assessment tools, imaging findings, biomarkers, management, and long-term outcomes.
To identify future research directions for addressing this complex neurological manifestation.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature searches were conducted on PubMed and Google Scholar.
Keywords included 'cognition', 'cognitive impairment', 'brain fog', 'COVID-19', and 'long-COVID'.
Studies published in English between January 2019 and February 2024 focusing on human neurological manifestations were included.

Main Results:

Cognitive impairment is a prominent feature of long-COVID, manifesting as brain fog, concentration deficits, and memory problems.
Pathophysiology involves viral persistence, immune responses, and vascular damage; risk factors include age and disease severity.
Assessment tools (e.g., MoCA), neuroimaging (MRI, PET), and biomarkers (e.g., IL-6) aid diagnosis, while management includes rehabilitation and lifestyle changes.

Conclusions:

Long-COVID presents a significant challenge, with cognitive impairment profoundly affecting patients' quality of life.
A multidisciplinary approach combining cognitive rehabilitation and appropriate medication is essential for management.
Further research is crucial to validate biomarkers and elucidate long-term cognitive outcomes for improved treatment strategies.