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Related Concept Videos

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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2025

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Concurrent D-loop cleavage by Mus81 and Yen1 yields half-crossover precursors.

Raquel Carreira1, Tomas Lama-Diaz1, Maria Crugeiras1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña 15782, Spain.

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Structure-selective endonucleases Mus81 and Yen1 cleave DNA displacement loops (D-loops) in yeast. Their coordinated action resolves recombination intermediates, preventing harmful chromosomal rearrangements.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Homologous recombination generates branched DNA structures that can impede chromosome segregation.
  • Structure-selective endonucleases (SSEs) resolve these structures late in the cell cycle.
  • Premature SSE activation can disrupt genome integrity by processing replication or recombination intermediates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To biochemically investigate the cleavage activity of budding yeast SSEs Mus81 and Yen1 on recombination intermediates.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which Mus81 and Yen1 contribute to the formation of half-crossovers.

Main Methods:

  • Biochemical assays were employed to study the enzymatic activity of Mus81 and Yen1.
  • In vitro experiments were conducted to analyze the resolution of DNA recombination intermediates.

Main Results:

  • Mus81 and Yen1 were shown to cleave the displacement loop (D-loop), a key recombination intermediate.
  • The combined action of Mus81 and Yen1, followed by ligation, successfully recreated a half-crossover precursor in vitro.
  • These findings provide a mechanistic explanation for half-crossover formation.

Conclusions:

  • Precise regulation of Mus81 and Yen1 activity is crucial for preventing chromosomal rearrangements.
  • The study clarifies the role of SSEs in resolving homologous recombination intermediates.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is vital for maintaining genome stability.