Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 24, 2025
Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening
Published on: October 18, 2024
Development of a Subjective Visual Vertical Test System Using a Smartphone With Virtual Reality Goggles for Screening
Akiko Umibe1,2, Hiroaki Fushiki2, Reiko Tsunoda2
1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya-shi, Saitama, Japan.
Background:
The subjective visual vertical (SVV) test can evaluate otolith function and spatial awareness and is performed in dedicated vertigo centers using specialized equipment; however, it is not otherwise widely used because of the specific equipment and space requirements. An SVV test smartphone app was developed to easily perform assessments in outpatient facilities.
Objective:
This study aimed to verify whether the SVV test smartphone app with commercially available virtual reality goggles can be used in a clinical setting.
Methods:
The reference range was calculated for 15 healthy participants. We included 14 adult patients with unilateral vestibular neuritis, sudden sensorineural hearing loss with vertigo, and Meniere disease and investigated the correlation between the SVV test results and vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) results.
Results:
The SVV reference range of healthy participants for the sitting front-facing position was small, ranging from -2.6º to 2.3º. Among the 14 patients, 6 (43%) exceeded the reference range for healthy participants. The SVV of patients with vestibular neuritis and sudden sensorineural hearing loss tended to deviate to the affected side. A total of 9 (64%) had abnormal cervical VEMP (cVEMP) values and 6 (43%) had abnormal ocular VEMP (oVEMP) values. No significant difference was found between the presence or absence of abnormal SVV values and the presence or absence of abnormal cVEMP and oVEMP values; however, the odds ratios (ORs) suggested a higher likelihood of abnormal SVV values among those with abnormal cVEMP and oVEMP responses (OR 2.40, 95% CI 0.18-32.88; P>.99; and OR 2, 95% CI 0.90-4.45; P=.46, respectively).
Conclusions:
The SVV app can be used anywhere and in a short period while reducing directional bias by using virtual reality goggles, thus making it highly versatile and useful as a practical otolith dysfunction screening tool.
