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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Deciphering Sodium-Ion Storage: 2D-Sulfide versus Oxide Through Experimental and Computational Analyses.

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Hierarchical tungsten disulfide (WS2) micro-flowers show excellent performance as sodium-ion battery anodes. This sulfide material offers higher capacity and stability than its oxide counterpart, promising advanced energy storage solutions.

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2D materialsSodium‐ion battery anodehigh‐temperature batterytungsten disulfidetungsten trioxide

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Transition metal sulfides are promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries due to their high theoretical capacity and superior electrical conductivity.
  • Tungsten disulfide (WS2) offers enhanced charge transfer compared to oxides, potentially improving electrochemical performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a hierarchical WS2 micro-flower structure for sodium-ion battery anodes.
  • To evaluate the electrochemical performance and structural stability of WS2 as a high-temperature anode material.
  • To investigate the electronic properties and sodium adsorption behavior using density functional theory (DFT) calculations.

Main Methods:

  • Hierarchical WS2 micro-flowers were synthesized via thermal sulfurization of WO3.
  • Electrochemical performance was assessed using galvanostatic cycling, including specific capacity and rate capability measurements.
  • Structural stability was confirmed through post-cycling analysis.
  • DFT calculations were performed to study electronic band structures and sodium diffusion barriers.

Main Results:

  • The synthesized WS2 micro-flower exhibited a specific capacity of approximately 334 mAh g-1 at 15 mA g-1, significantly higher than WO3.
  • Stable performance was observed at 65 °C, with a reversible capacity of about 180 mAh g-1 at 100 mA g-1.
  • Morphology remained unchanged after cycling, indicating excellent structural robustness.
  • DFT calculations revealed increased bandgaps for monolayer WS2 and WO3 and a lower sodium diffusion barrier in WS2 compared to WO3.

Conclusions:

  • Hierarchical WS2 micro-flowers are effective anode materials for sodium-ion batteries, offering superior capacity and stability.
  • The enhanced performance is attributed to the unique nanostructure, improved conductivity, and favorable Na diffusion kinetics.
  • This study provides valuable insights for selecting and designing transition metal sulfide-based electrode materials for sodium-ion storage.