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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Batteries and Fuel Cells

Batteries and Fuel Cells

A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Hess's Law

Hess's Law

There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds

A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...

Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States

Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States

The free energy change for a process taking place with reactants and products present under nonstandard conditions (pressures other than 1 bar; concentrations other than 1 M) is related to the standard free energy change according to this equation:

where R is the gas constant (8.314 J/K·mol), T is the absolute temperature in kelvin, and Q is the reaction quotient. This equation may be used to predict the spontaneity of a process under any given set of conditions.
Reaction Quotient...

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Updated: Jun 24, 2025

A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions

A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions

Published on: August 17, 2016

Chemical-based Hydrogen Storage Systems: Recent Developments, Challenges, and Prospectives.

Shahid Ali¹, Noreen Abbas², Safyan Akram Khan¹

¹Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen Technologies and Carbon Management, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals KFUPM, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.

Chemistry, an Asian Journal

|June 5, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hydrogen (H2) is a key energy carrier for decarbonization, but current storage methods face challenges. This review explores novel chemical and physical storage technologies for safe, cost-effective hydrogen solutions.

Keywords:

Chemical Hydrides Formic Acid Hydrogen Applications Hydrogen Storage LOHCs

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Published on: October 5, 2019

Area of Science:

Energy Storage
Renewable Energy Integration
Sustainable Fuels

Background:

Hydrogen (H2) is recognized as a crucial energy carrier for decarbonization across various sectors.
Existing H2 storage and transport methods (liquid-state, cryogenic, compressed) present commercialization challenges and high operational costs.
Novel H2 storage solutions are essential for safe, cost-effective mobility, transportation, and long-term applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and present potential opportunities for hydrogen storage technologies, focusing on physical and chemical storage methods.
To explain the prime characteristics and requirements for effective H2 storage.
To discuss recent developments, challenges, applications, and future prospects of H2 storage.

Main Methods:

Literature review of existing and emerging hydrogen storage technologies.
Analysis of physical and chemical hydrogen storage principles and systems.
Discussion of specific chemical storage systems: metal hydrides, chemical hydrides (methanol, ammonia, formic acid), and liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs).

Main Results:

Identified limitations in current hydrogen storage technologies impacting commercial viability.
Detailed discussion of chemical hydrogen storage systems, including their mechanisms and potential.
Exploration of recent advancements and ongoing challenges in the field of hydrogen storage.

Conclusions:

Chemical-based hydrogen storage, including metal hydrides, chemical hydrides, and LOHCs, offers promising avenues for safe and cost-effective solutions.
Further research and development are needed to overcome challenges and enable widespread commercial adoption of advanced hydrogen storage technologies.
Hydrogen storage innovations are critical for achieving global decarbonization goals and ensuring a sustainable energy future.