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Gastrulation01:56

Gastrulation

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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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Determination01:51

Determination

18.4K
During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
18.4K
Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

41.8K
Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
41.8K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2025

Mouse Fetal Whole Intestine Culture System for Ex Vivo Manipulation of Signaling Pathways and Three-dimensional Live Imaging of Villus Development
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Coordination between endoderm progression and mouse gastruloid elongation controls endodermal morphotype choice.

Naama Farag1, Chen Sacharen1, Lara Avni1

  • 1School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Developmental Cell
|June 5, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Embryonic development is robust, unlike in vitro models. This study uses mouse gastruloids to identify key drivers of morphogenetic variability and proposes interventions to improve embryo-like model quality.

Keywords:
endodermgastruloidsmachine learningmorphogenesisorganoids

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Stem cell biology
  • Organoid research

Background:

  • Embryonic development exhibits remarkable robustness with minimal morphogenetic variability.
  • In vitro embryo-like models and organoids often display significant tissue morphogenetic variability.
  • The underlying reasons for this discrepancy in developmental robustness are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the morphogenetic progression and divergence of definitive endoderm (DE) in mouse gastruloids.
  • To identify key drivers of morphotype variability in DE development within gastruloids.
  • To develop interventions for reducing variability and guiding morphotype choice in in vitro models.

Main Methods:

  • Cataloging and statistically characterizing diverse DE morphologies in gastruloids.
  • Developing predictive models for DE morphotype based on early expression and morphology data.
  • Analyzing predictive models to pinpoint crucial factors influencing morphotype variability.

Main Results:

  • Identified and statistically characterized distinct DE morphologies in mouse gastruloids.
  • Created predictive models capable of forecasting DE morphotype from earlier measurements.
  • Discovered two essential coordination mechanisms absent in in vitro models but vital for robust gut-tube formation.

Conclusions:

  • The mouse gastruloid model offers insights into the robustness of embryonic development.
  • Understanding variability drivers can lead to improved quality and usability of 3D embryo-like models.
  • Identifying missing coordination factors is crucial for advancing in vitro developmental models.