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Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
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Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Working Memory01:24

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Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
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Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon01:10

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The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon is a cognitive experience characterized by a temporary inability to retrieve specific information from memory despite having a strong feeling of knowing the information. Although individuals cannot access the target word or detail, they frequently recall related elements, such as its initial letter, syllable count, or context. This partial retrieval often causes frustration, as one might recognize a familiar face or know that a name starts with a specific...
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Effective communication among healthcare professionals during hand-off reporting is essential to delivering safe and continuous patient care. Common professional interactions include reports to healthcare team members, hand-off, and transfer reports. Nurses routinely report information to other healthcare team members and also urgently contact healthcare providers to report changes in patient status.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2025

Using Informational Connectivity to Measure the Synchronous Emergence of fMRI Multi-voxel Information Across Time
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Functional and Effective Connectivity Underlying Semantic Verbal Fluency.

Isabella Velloso Arrigo1, Pedro Henrique Rodrigues da Silva1, Renata Ferranti Leoni2

  • 1InBrain, Department of Physics, FFCLRP, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, 3900, 14040-901, Brazil.

Brain Topography
|June 5, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study maps the semantic verbal fluency (SVF) network using fMRI, revealing interconnected regions from category identification to word generation. The findings offer a framework for understanding SVF in neurological disorders.

Keywords:
Dynamic functional connectivityEffective connectivityFunctional magnetic resonance imagingLanguageVerbal fluency

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Semantic verbal fluency (SVF) impairment is a hallmark of several neurological disorders.
  • Previous studies show activation in SVF-related areas, but network connectivity and functional roles remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the static and dynamic functional connectivity (FC) and effective connectivity of the SVF network in healthy individuals.
  • To elucidate the functional roles of different brain regions within the SVF network.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to assess static and dynamic FC and effective connectivity during an SVF task.
  • Analysis included identifying activated regions and mapping connectivity patterns.

Main Results:

  • Observed activation in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), middle temporal gyrus (pMTG), angular gyrus (AG), anterior cingulate (AC), insula, and various frontal gyri.
  • Static FC revealed a highly interconnected network, with increased AC connectivity to pMTG and AG during the task.
  • Dynamic FC identified circuits for category identification, language comprehension, word selection, generation, and articulatory planning.
  • Effective connectivity analysis proposed a network originating from AG to pMTG, with ventral and dorsal stream divisions, and modulated frontal regions.

Conclusions:

  • Successfully mapped the SVF network, encompassing processes from category identification to word generation.
  • The methodological approach provides a valuable tool for future research on SVF in neurological conditions.