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Lifestyle-Related Risk Factors and Primary Prevention Strategies for Cardiovascular Diseases in a Middle-Income
Pragashini Raman1, Yoganishalini Sagadevan1, Sornavalli Dhanapalan1
1Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Sunway City, Malaysia.
Insights
Cardiovascular disease research in Malaysia shows lifestyle factors like inactivity and poor diet increase risk. Multimodal interventions show promise for improving cardiovascular health outcomes.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Cardiology
- Preventive Medicine
Background:
- Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a primary cause of mortality in middle-income nations, including Malaysia.
- A notable deficit exists in understanding CVD risk assessment and intervention strategies within the Malaysian populace.
- This review addresses the research landscape of CVD in Malaysia, focusing on lifestyle risk factors and interventions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To conduct a scoping review to determine the current status of cardiovascular disease research in Malaysia.
- To prioritize lifestyle-related risk assessments and interventions for cardiovascular disease prevention.
- To identify research gaps and intervention effectiveness in the Malaysian context.
Main Methods:
- A comprehensive search was conducted across five major electronic databases: Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, APA PsychINFO, Embase, and Scopus.
- The review adhered to guidelines from the Joanna Briggs Institute and the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-S).
- Study selection, screening, and data extraction were managed using the Covidence platform, resulting in the inclusion of 31 studies.
Main Results:
- A significant positive correlation was identified between physical inactivity, smoking, poor dietary habits, extended working hours, and clustered lifestyle risks with increased cardiovascular disease risk.
- Interventions primarily concentrated on physical activity promotion and comprehensive lifestyle modification approaches.
- These interventions demonstrated significant improvements in both primary and secondary cardiovascular disease-related outcomes.
Conclusions:
- Enhancing lifestyle-related risk assessments and interventions is crucial for cardiovascular disease prevention in Malaysia.
- The translation of observed outcomes to higher effectiveness in overall cardiovascular disease prevention requires further investigation.
- Multifaceted lifestyle interventions show potential for improving cardiovascular disease-related outcomes, warranting continued research and implementation.
Abstract:
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in middle-income countries such as Malaysia. There is a significant gap in knowledge between cardiovascular disease-related risk assessments and interventions in the Malaysian population. In this scoping review, we have determined the status of cardiovascular research in Malaysia by prioritising lifestyle-related risk assessments and interventions. We searched five electronic databases (Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, APA PsychINFO, Embase and Scopus) to identify relevant research articles that had been published. The Joanna Briggs Institute and the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses extension for scoping reviews served as a guide for the scoping review. Study selection was made using the Covidence platform, screened, and extracted. Thirty-one studies were included in this review. Studies reviewed reported a significant positive association between physical inactivity, smoking, poor dietary patterns, working hours, clustering of lifestyle risk, and cardiovascular disease risk. Most interventions focused on physical activity and a multimodal lifestyle approach, significantly improving primary and secondary cardiovascular disease-related outcomes. The findings suggest improving lifestyle-related risk assessments and interventions to prevent cardiovascular diseases in this population. It is unclear if these outcomes can translate to higher effectiveness in preventing cardiovascular disease. Nevertheless, intervention using the multifaceted lifestyle approach can improve cardiovascular disease-related outcomes.
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