Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

212
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
212
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

118
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
118
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

418
Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
418
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

264
Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
264
Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

276
Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
276
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

429
Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
429

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Regional Analgesia for Truncal Surgeries: Reply.

Anesthesiology·2026
Same author

Botulinum toxin type A for subacute/chronic neck pain.

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews·2026
Same author

Satisfaction and Persistent Pain Outcomes After Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Cohort Study.

The Journal of arthroplasty·2026
Same author

Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia Position Statement on Risk Assessment and Prophylaxis for Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism After Ambulatory Surgery: A Simplified Approach.

Anesthesia and analgesia·2026
Same author

Importance of early postoperative mobilization: comprehensive review.

BJS open·2026
Same author

Development of risk prediction model for chronic pain after knee replacement surgery: protocol for an individual patient data meta-analysis.

Perioperative medicine (London, England)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2025

Author Spotlight: A Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery with Multimodal Analgesia and Sevoflurane Inhalation Anesthesia
05:39

Author Spotlight: A Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery with Multimodal Analgesia and Sevoflurane Inhalation Anesthesia

Published on: May 26, 2023

1.5K

Opioid-free general anesthesia: considerations, techniques, and limitations.

Harsha Shanthanna1, Girish P Joshi2

  • 1Department of Anesthesia, St. Joseph's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology
|June 6, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Opioid-free anesthesia (OFA) may be suitable for select surgeries, but complete avoidance of intraoperative opioids is questionable. Further research is needed to confirm OFA benefits and safety across diverse procedures.

More Related Videos

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
08:49

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

Published on: October 16, 2013

13.7K
Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
14:52

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Published on: January 13, 2018

11.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2025

Author Spotlight: A Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery with Multimodal Analgesia and Sevoflurane Inhalation Anesthesia
05:39

Author Spotlight: A Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery with Multimodal Analgesia and Sevoflurane Inhalation Anesthesia

Published on: May 26, 2023

1.5K
Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
08:49

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

Published on: October 16, 2013

13.7K
Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
14:52

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Published on: January 13, 2018

11.0K

Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Pain Management
  • Surgical Care

Background:

  • Opioids are commonly used during general anesthesia.
  • Their role, advantages, and risks require ongoing examination.
  • Opioid-free anesthesia (OFA) is defined as the complete avoidance of intraoperative opioids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the role of opioids in general anesthesia.
  • To examine the advantages and risks of intraoperative opioid use.
  • To evaluate the feasibility and implications of opioid-free anesthesia.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current clinical practices regarding opioid use in anesthesia.
  • Analysis of strategies for achieving opioid-free anesthesia.
  • Examination of evidence on the efficacy and safety of OFA.

Main Results:

  • Nonopioid analgesics and regional anesthesia can reduce intraoperative opioid needs for minimally invasive procedures.
  • OFA is not a universal approach and requires patient and procedure-specific tailoring.
  • OFA strategies may involve adjuncts with narrow therapeutic ranges, potentially leading to delayed recovery or increased pain.
  • No evidence currently supports OFA reducing long-term opioid-related harms.

Conclusions:

  • Complete intraoperative opioid avoidance does not guarantee avoidance of postoperative opioids.
  • OFA may be feasible for selected minimally invasive surgeries with multimodal analgesia.
  • Further research is essential for high postoperative opioid-requiring surgeries.
  • An opioid-sparing approach is crucial intraoperatively until definitive evidence emerges.