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Related Concept Videos

Plastic Behavior01:21

Plastic Behavior

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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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Plastic Deformations01:14

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It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
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Plasticity00:58

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Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
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Plastic Deformations of Members with a Single Plane of Symmetry01:21

Plastic Deformations of Members with a Single Plane of Symmetry

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When a structural member undergoes plastic deformation due to bending, it is crucial to understand the position of the neutral axis and the stress distribution. This member, characterized by a single plane of symmetry, exhibits a uniform stress distribution, with negative stress above the neutral axis and positive stress below. Notably, the neutral axis does not align with the centroid of the cross-section. This misalignment is typical in cases where the cross-section is not rectangular or...
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Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity01:15

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

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Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
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Members Made of Elastoplastic Material01:19

Members Made of Elastoplastic Material

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The behavior of elastoplastic materials under bending stresses, particularly in structural members with rectangular cross-sections, is crucial for predicting material responses and understanding failure modes. Initially, when a bending moment is applied, the stress distribution across the section follows Hooke's Law and is linear and elastic. This distribution means the stress increases from the neutral axis to the maximum at the outer fibers, up to the elastic limit.
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Building Finite Element Models to Investigate Zebrafish Jaw Biomechanics
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Functional modularity and mechanical stress shape plastic responses during fish development.

Leandro Lofeu1, Felipe Montefeltro2, Monique Nouailhetas Simon3

  • 1Laboratório de Evolução e Biologia Integrativa, Departamento de Biologia - FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
|June 6, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Environmental changes trigger adaptive plastic phenotypes in fish. Manipulating foraging conditions in Megaleporinus macrocephalus revealed how skull bone modularity, biomechanics, and gene expression (bmp4) interact to shape novel complex phenotypes.

Keywords:
developmental plasticityfinite element analysismodularityskull

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Ecomorphology

Background:

  • Phenotypic plasticity is crucial for adaptation.
  • Understanding the multilevel mechanisms of plasticity is essential for evolutionary insights.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how altered developmental conditions influence skull modularity, biomechanics, and gene expression in Megaleporinus macrocephalus.
  • To explore the interplay between functional morphology, mechanical stress, and molecular pathways in generating adaptive phenotypes.

Main Methods:

  • Manipulation of developmental conditions related to foraging mode in Megaleporinus macrocephalus.
  • Analysis of functional modularity of skull bones.
  • Finite element modeling to assess chondrocranium biomechanical properties.
  • Measurement of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (bmp4) expression levels.

Main Results:

  • Identification of new functional modules in skull bones, particularly in experimental groups.
  • Evidence of increased integration in head bone elements associated with mouth shape modifications.
  • Differences in mechanical stress magnitude and localization within the chondrocranium.
  • Correlation between specific bone groupings, mouth position changes, and mechanical load responses.
  • Variations in bmp4 expression levels linked to biomechanical responses and plastic morphotypes.

Conclusions:

  • Developmental plasticity involves integrated responses across multiple biological levels.
  • Functional modularity and biomechanical properties are key components of adaptive phenotypic evolution.
  • Molecular signaling pathways, such as bmp4, are associated with biomechanical adaptations.
  • This study provides a multilevel perspective on epigenetic factors driving the evolution of complex phenotypes.