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Surface charge change in carbonates during low-salinity imbibition.

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Optimizing injection water salinity enhances oil recovery by altering rock wettability. This study reveals that carbonate rock type significantly influences surface charge changes and wettability, impacting oil recovery efficiency.

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Area of Science:

  • Petroleum Engineering
  • Geochemistry
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Low-salinity water injection is recognized for improving oil recovery in laboratory settings, but the underlying mechanisms remain debated.
  • Existing research often emphasizes brine composition, overlooking the crucial role of rock-fluid interactions in carbonate reservoirs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of diverse carbonate rock materials on surface charge, wettability alteration, and spontaneous imbibition.
  • To elucidate the impact of specific ions (calcium, magnesium, sulfate) on rock surface charge and wettability.
  • To develop a numerical model that links surface charge changes to capillary pressure and oil recovery.

Main Methods:

  • Zeta potential measurements were conducted to analyze the surface charge responses of different carbonate rock materials to various brine salinities (Formation water, Seawater, Diluted Seawater).
  • Spontaneous imbibition tests were performed to evaluate oil recovery and wettability alteration under different brine conditions.
  • A numerical model was developed, incorporating the distinction between computed surface charge and experimentally determined zeta potential, and linking surface charge changes to capillary pressure alterations.

Main Results:

  • Each carbonate rock material exhibited unique surface charge responses to different brines, with varying sensitivity to calcium, magnesium, and sulfate ions.
  • A decrease in the system's surface charge compared to the initial carbonate-formation water system correlated with increased oil recovery and a shift towards water-wet conditions.
  • The numerical model successfully reproduced the experimentally observed ion effects on zeta potential and history-matched spontaneous imbibition tests by linking surface charge to capillary pressure.

Conclusions:

  • Carbonate rock material plays a critical role in wettability alteration and oil recovery during low-salinity water injection.
  • Accurate modeling requires distinguishing between computed surface charge and zeta potential, considering the shear plane location.
  • While laboratory-scale wettability alteration is observed over weeks, field-scale molecular diffusion-driven alteration is estimated to take centuries.