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Combined perforator flaps for total breast reconstruction-a narrative review and insights from massive weight loss
Wahida Chakari1,2, Camilla Bille1,2, Caroline Lilja1,2
1Department of Plastic Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
Background And Objective:
Perforator flaps have revolutionized autologous breast reconstruction, introducing both free and pedicled options as well as the potential for combining flaps. These versatile techniques can be utilized in massive weight loss (MWL) patients, effectively addressing both functional and aesthetic challenges by using their excess skin. This review aims to explore literature on combined pedicled and free perforator flaps for total breast reconstruction, and share our own experience in the field.
Methods:
A PubMed search up to June 2023 employed Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms such as (("combined") OR ("stacked") OR ("conjoined") AND ("perforator flaps")) AND ("breast reconstruction"). Publications in English and Scandinavian languages were manually screened for relevance, and supplemental sources were also reviewed.
Key Content And Findings:
Limited studies exist on using combined pedicled and free flaps for total breast reconstruction, although combined free flaps are more common. Perforators around the breast base, offer multiple flap options for single or combined use. In our series of 10 women, four underwent total breast reconstruction with a combination of flip-over internal mammary artery perforator (IMAP) flap and thoracodorsal artery perforator (TDAP) flap. Another subset of four, who were MWL patients, received combined TDAP and superior epigastric artery perforator (SEAP) flaps, along with body contouring procedures such as upper body lifts and vertical abdominoplasties, addressing excess skin and improving silhouette. One remaining MWL patient had deflated breasts restored using TDAP and SEAP flaps, along with an upper and lower body lift and vertical abdominoplasty. The last MWL patient underwent a risk-reducing mastectomy, also reconstructed with TDAP and SEAP flaps, and received an upper body lift and vertical abdominoplasty.
Conclusions:
Combined perforator flap techniques for combined body contouring and breast reconstruction seems safe and especially suitable for MWL patients. They offer a surgical alternative merging body contouring and breast reconstruction in cases where free flap procedures seem less favorable due to skin laxity and deflation of donor sites. However, limited literature on the topic calls for further studies.
