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Updated: Jun 24, 2025
A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Published on: September 30, 2021
Anaemia is independently associated with mortality in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
T Meischl1, L Balcar2, Y-R Park3
1Division of Gastroenterology und Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna; Liver Cancer (HCC) Study Group Vienna, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna; 3(rd) Medical Department (Haematology & Oncology), Hanusch-Krankenhaus, Vienna, Austria.
Background:
Anaemia is frequent in patients with cancer and/or liver cirrhosis and is associated with impaired quality of life. Here, we investigated the impact of anaemia on overall survival (OS) and clinical characteristics in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Materials And Methods:
HCC patients treated between 1992 and 2018 at the Medical University of Vienna were retrospectively analysed. Anaemia was defined as haemoglobin level <13 g/dl in men and <12 g/dl in women.
Results:
Of 1262 assessable patients, 555 (44.0%) had anaemia. The main aetiologies of HCC were alcohol-related liver disease (n = 502; 39.8%) and chronic hepatitis C (n = 375; 29.7%). Anaemia was significantly associated with impaired liver function, portal hypertension, more advanced Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP). In univariable analysis, anaemia was significantly associated with shorter median OS [9.5 months, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 7.3-11.6 months] versus patients without anaemia (21.5 months, 95% CI 18.3-24.7 months) (P < 0.001). In multivariable analysis adjusted for age, Model for End-stage Liver Disease, number of tumour nodules, size of the largest nodule, macrovascular invasion, extrahepatic spread, first treatment line, alpha-fetoprotein and CRP, anaemia remained an independent predictor of mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 1.23, 95% CI 1.06-1.43, P = 0.006).
Conclusions:
Anaemia was significantly associated with mortality in HCC patients, independent of established liver- and tumour-related prognostic factors. Whether adequate management of anaemia can improve outcome of HCC patients needs further evaluation.
