Cellulose nanocrystal thermal smart molecular brushes with upper critical aggregation temperature

Grafting thermo-responsive polymers onto cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and achieving critical temperature regulation has drawn significant research interest. The thermal transition behavior of CNCs can be controlled by adjusting the polymer molecular brushes on the CNCs surface. We synthesized poly((2-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) grafted CNCs via surface-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer, followed by modifying PDMAEMA brushes into poly-3-dimethyl(methacryloyloxyethyl) ammonium propane sulfonate (PDMAPS) brushes via quaternization. The critical temperature was regulated by modifying and grafting of poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate. Found the thermal stimulus-responsive type and transition point of CNCs can be controlled by adjusting the surface molecular brushes. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering analyses indicated that CNC-PDMAEMA aggregated above 70 °C, whereas CNC-PDMAPS aggregated below 31 °C. The thermo-responsive materials based on CNCs exhibited a conversion from a lower critical aggregation temperature to an upper critical aggregation temperature (UCAT) type. CNC-PDMAPS-mPEG was obtained by modifying and grafting for UCAT to be regulated to approximately 37 °C, which is close to the human body temperature. CNC-PDMAPS and CNC-PDMAPS-mPEG exhibited only microscopic alterations and could encapsulate and release substances. Therefore, they demonstrate considerable potential for biomedical applications.