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Fungal vaccines and adjuvants: a tool to reveal the interaction between host and fungi

Zixu Wang1, Jing Shao2,3

  • 1Laboratory of Anti-Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, People's Republic of China.

Archives of Microbiology
|June 8, 2024
PubMed

Insights

Fungal infections pose a global health threat, especially to immunocompromised individuals. This review explores advances in fungal vaccines and adjuvants to combat drug-resistant fungal infections and enhance immune responses.

Area of Science:

  • Mycology
  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Fungal infections present a growing global health challenge, particularly for immunocompromised populations, ranging from superficial to life-threatening disseminated diseases.
  • Increasing resistance to conventional antifungal agents necessitates novel therapeutic and prophylactic strategies.
  • Current antifungal armamentarium includes recombinant cytokines and antibodies, but more effective treatments are urgently needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the progress of major fungal vaccines and adjuvants for controlling various fungal pathogens.
  • To elucidate the interactions between fungal vaccines/adjuvants and host immune responses, including innate, humoral, and cellular immunity.
  • To provide insights into the immunomodulatory properties of fungal vaccines for designing novel strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on fungal vaccines and adjuvants.
  • Analysis of immune responses elicited by vaccines, including pattern recognition receptor activation, immune cell activation, and fungal clearance.
  • Examination of immunomodulatory properties of univalent and multivalent fungal vaccines.

Main Results:

  • Development of fungal vaccines and adjuvants offers a promising avenue for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of fungal infections.
  • Vaccines/adjuvants engage innate (macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils), humoral (IgG, IgM, IgA), and cellular (Th1, Th2, Th17, Tc17) immune pathways.
  • Understanding vaccine-induced immunomodulation aids in designing effective strategies against diverse opportunistic fungi.

Conclusions:

  • Fungal vaccines and adjuvants are critical for addressing the global challenge of drug-resistant fungal infections.
  • Further research into vaccine-host interactions will refine the development of next-generation antifungal therapies.
  • Novel vaccine designs hold significant potential for improving the management of fungal diseases in vulnerable populations.
Keywords:
CandidaAdjuvantFungal infectionImmune recognitionVaccine

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