Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Arteries of the Lower Limbs01:24

Arteries of the Lower Limbs

188
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
188
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

320
Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
320
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

336
Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
336
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

417
Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
417

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Reliability of EEG in brain death diagnosis: an analysis of clinical and technical factors.

Frontiers in medicine·2026
Same author

Autoimmune encephalitis-associated epilepsy with glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies and type 1 diabetes mellitus: A comprehensive systematic scoping review of a clinical syndrome.

Autoimmunity reviews·2026
Same author

A translational multimodal machine-learning prototype predicting valproate response in epilepsy treatment.

Epilepsia·2026
Same author

Biofluid-specific variations in circulating 5' transfer RNA fragments during ictal and interictal states in experimental temporal lobe epilepsy.

Epilepsia·2026
Same author

Tumor-associated epilepsy and high expression of xCT shape the proteome of IDH-wildtype glioblastoma.

Cell death discovery·2026
Same author

Current perspectives in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): epidemiology, research approaches and pathways to prevention.

Neurological research and practice·2026
Same journal

Effect of chronic migraine treatment on functional seizure frequency: An exploratory study.

Seizure·2026
Same journal

Development of a standard for epilepsy semiology and semiological description dataset: a modified Delphi study.

Seizure·2026
Same journal

UNC13A-related neurodevelopmental disorders in children: epilepsy phenotypes and antiseizure medication response.

Seizure·2026
Same journal

Switching from oxcarbazepine to eslicarbazepine in patients with focal epilepsy: A systematic review and single-arm meta-analysis.

Seizure·2026
Same journal

Efficacy, tolerability, and EEG lateralization-based predictors of neuropsychiatric adverse events in pediatric SeLECTS treated with perampanel monotherapy.

Seizure·2026
Same journal

Cross-cultural validation of the International Classification of Cognitive Disorders in Epilepsy (IC-CoDE) in Chinese-speaking people with epilepsy.

Seizure·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2025

Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
06:19

Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: September 9, 2022

3.6K

Autoimmune-associated epilepsy - a challenging concept.

Nico Melzer1, Felix Rosenow2

  • 1Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.

Seizure
|June 9, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) distinguishes acute seizures from autoimmune-associated epilepsy (AAE). New approaches are needed to predict AAE development and patient outcomes in autoimmune encephalitis.

Keywords:
Autoimmune (limbic) encephalitisAutoimmune-associated epilepsyData-driven predictionFocal seizures and epilepsy

More Related Videos

Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid GABA into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice
07:01

Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid GABA into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice

Published on: May 16, 2019

9.0K
Using a Bipolar Electrode to Create a Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Mouse Model by Electrical Kindling of the Amygdala
09:49

Using a Bipolar Electrode to Create a Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Mouse Model by Electrical Kindling of the Amygdala

Published on: June 29, 2022

2.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2025

Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
06:19

Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: September 9, 2022

3.6K
Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid GABA into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice
07:01

Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid GABA into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice

Published on: May 16, 2019

9.0K
Using a Bipolar Electrode to Create a Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Mouse Model by Electrical Kindling of the Amygdala
09:49

Using a Bipolar Electrode to Create a Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Mouse Model by Electrical Kindling of the Amygdala

Published on: June 29, 2022

2.5K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Epileptology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) introduced immune-mediated focal epilepsy as a new etiological category.
  • Recent frameworks distinguish acute provoked seizures in autoimmune encephalitis from chronic autoimmune-associated epilepsy (AAE).
  • Current definitions differentiate based on autoantibody targets (cell surface vs. intracellular) and presumed mechanisms (direct ictogenic effect vs. immune-inflammation/structural damage).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the challenges and limitations of the current ILAE conceptual framework for distinguishing acute seizures from AAE.
  • To propose an unbiased, translationally validated, and data-driven approach for predicting AAE development in encephalitis patients.
  • To identify predictors for cognitive and behavioral outcomes in individuals with autoimmune encephalitis.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of the current ILAE definition and classification of immune-mediated epilepsy.
  • Review of the distinction between acute provoked seizures and chronic autoimmune-associated epilepsy.
  • Discussion of difficulties in applying current concepts and proposal for a new predictive approach.

Main Results:

  • The current ILAE framework differentiates based on autoantibody targets and presumed mechanisms, impacting epilepsy diagnosis.
  • Patients with autoantibodies against cell surface antigens typically have acute seizures without developing epilepsy.
  • Patients with autoantibodies against intracellular antigens or Rasmussen's encephalitis may develop chronic epilepsy due to immune-inflammation and structural damage.

Conclusions:

  • The current ILAE classification presents challenges in distinguishing acute seizures from chronic autoimmune-associated epilepsy.
  • A novel, data-driven approach is necessary to accurately predict the propensity for developing AAE and associated outcomes.
  • Predictive models are crucial for personalized management and understanding the long-term prognosis of autoimmune encephalitis.