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Related Concept Videos

Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

Self-Report Tests of Personality

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Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
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Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

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One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.  
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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
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In general, a schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
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Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping02:05

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People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about...
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Deindividuation00:57

Deindividuation

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Deindividuation is a form of social influence on an individual’s behavior such that the individual engages in unusual or non-normal behavior while in a group setting. Why? Because in these group settings, the individual no longer sees themselves as an individual anymore, disinhibiting their behavior and personal restraint.
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Related Experiment Video

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Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder
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The Structure of Identity Dysfunction in Self-Report Measures.

Sienna R Nielsen1, Aidan G C Wright1,2

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Michigan.

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This study identifies four core domains of identity dysfunction and three of identity clarity. These findings offer a clearer structure for understanding identity issues in psychopathology and improving related assessments.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Psychopathology
  • Personality Science

Background:

  • Identity dysfunction is central to psychopathology, causing emotional and interpersonal issues.
  • Existing research on identity dysfunction is fragmented due to numerous self-report measures.
  • A clear structure is needed to advance theory and measurement of identity dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine conceptual domains of identity dysfunction in self-report assessments.
  • To elucidate a clear structure of identity dysfunction for theory and measurement.
  • To investigate the factor structure and relationships of identity dysfunction constructs.

Main Methods:

  • Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of 17 self-report measures.
  • Exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) to examine construct relationships.
  • Analysis of data from 632 young adults.

Main Results:

  • Identified four domains of Identity Dysfunction: Self-Alienation, Susceptibility to External Influence, Self-Dysregulation, and Contingent Self-Esteem.
  • Identified three domains of Identity Clarity: Self-Consistency, Reflective Functioning, and Authentic Living.
  • These domains were largely represented by a single factor and related similarly to personality, emotion dysregulation, and interpersonal problems.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a structured framework for understanding identity dysfunction.
  • Findings advance theory and measurement in personality and psychopathology.
  • The identified domains offer insights into emotional and interpersonal difficulties.