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Exploring atmospheric optical turbulence: observations across zenith angles.

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    Atmospheric optical turbulence measurements using Shack-Hartmann Image Motion Monitors (SHIMMs) show strong agreement with models up to 70 degrees zenith angle. Deviations observed beyond this angle suggest limitations in current theories and instrumentation.

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    Area of Science:

    • Astronomy
    • Atmospheric Physics
    • Optical Engineering

    Background:

    • Atmospheric optical turbulence affects astronomical observations.
    • Understanding turbulence as a function of zenith angle is crucial for adaptive optics and remote sensing.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To measure atmospheric optical turbulence across a range of zenith angles.
    • To compare experimental data of scintillation index (σI²) and Fried parameter (r₀) with theoretical models.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized two identical Shack-Hartmann Image Motion Monitors (SHIMMs).
    • One SHIMM measured near zenith; the other tracked a star from zenith to horizon.
    • Concurrent measurements allowed for isolating zenith angle effects.

    Main Results:

    • Strong agreement between SHIMM measurements and theoretical models was observed up to 70 degrees zenith angle.
    • Deviations between model predictions and measurements occurred for zenith angles greater than 70 degrees.

    Conclusions:

    • Current turbulence models and SHIMM instrumentation show good agreement for moderate zenith angles.
    • Discrepancies at higher zenith angles warrant further investigation into model limitations and instrument performance.