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Related Concept Videos

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
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Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
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Updated: Jun 24, 2025

Glucose Uptake Measurement and Response to Insulin Stimulation in In Vitro Cultured Human Primary Myotubes
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Recent Progress in Glucose-Responsive Insulin.

Yun Liu1,2,3, Shiqi Wang1,3, Zejun Wang4

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.

Diabetes
|June 10, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Glucose-responsive insulin (GRI) offers a promising solution for diabetes management by automatically adjusting insulin delivery based on glucose levels. This innovation aims to improve glycemic control and minimize hypoglycemia risks.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Endocrinology
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Insulin therapy is crucial for type 1 and advanced type 2 diabetes but faces challenges due to its narrow therapeutic index.
  • Glucose excursions pose significant acute and chronic risks for patients requiring insulin.
  • The development of glucose-responsive insulin (GRI) is a long-standing goal to improve diabetes management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical development and current state of glucose-responsive insulin (GRI).
  • To explore various glucose-responsive components and their integration into insulin delivery systems.
  • To discuss recent advancements in GRI delivery carriers and insulin analogs, and future clinical challenges.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of historical GRI development.
  • Analysis of glucose-responsive components for insulin delivery control.
  • Review of recent advances in GRI delivery carriers and insulin analogs.

Main Results:

  • GRI systems integrate glucose-sensitive elements to modulate insulin release or activation.
  • These systems respond to glucose levels, potentially eliminating the need for external monitoring.
  • Recent progress includes novel delivery carriers and improved insulin analogs for enhanced GRI functionality.

Conclusions:

  • Glucose-responsive insulin (GRI) holds significant potential for improving glycemic control and reducing hypoglycemia in diabetes treatment.
  • Further research and development are needed to overcome challenges for successful clinical translation of GRI.
  • The integration of advanced materials and insulin analogs is key to realizing the full potential of GRI therapy.