Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches01:23

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

125
Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast,...
125
Strategies for Assessing and Addressing Confounding01:25

Strategies for Assessing and Addressing Confounding

92
Confounding is a critical issue in epidemiological studies, often leading to misleading conclusions about associations between exposures and outcomes. It occurs when the relationship between the exposure and the outcome is mixed with the effects of other factors that influence the outcome. Given that, addressing confounding is of high importance for drawing accurate inferences in research.
Confounding can be addressed at both the design phase of a study and through analytical methods after data...
92
Randomized Experiments01:13

Randomized Experiments

6.9K
The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
Simple randomization
Simple...
6.9K
Regression Toward the Mean01:52

Regression Toward the Mean

6.3K
Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when...
6.3K
Blind Procedures02:07

Blind Procedures

10.6K
Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which...
10.6K
Blinding01:11

Blinding

2.4K
Blinding is a commonly used method of not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving. Blinding is a critical part of a randomized control trial or RCT. It reduces the bias that affects the results. In an RCT, blinding is used in the form of a placebo. A placebo effect occurs when untreated subjects falsely believe they have received the treatment and report improved symptoms. A placebo or a dummy treatment is administered to subjects to negate the bias caused by such an effect.
2.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Time-to-progression ratio as a potential study endpoint in early-phase oncology trials: pooled analysis of phase II trials from the Australian MoST program.

Future oncology (London, England)·2026
Same author

Mind the Gap: Impact of New Labels on Public Perceptions and Calculated Risk of Adverse Outcomes after a Melanoma In Situ Diagnosis-A Secondary Analysis of an Online Randomized Experiment.

Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making·2026
Same author

Strengths-based resilience: the biopsychosocial factors that differentiate 12-year mental well-being trajectories following adverse childhood experiences.

Psychological medicine·2026
Same author

The carbon footprint of surgical and non-surgical skin cancer appointments.

Clinical and experimental dermatology·2026
Same author

Perspectives of women who receive an increased chance result on non-invasive prenatal testing or combined first trimester screening: a qualitative study.

Midwifery·2026
Same author

Time trends in the incidence of multiple primary melanomas in Australia.

Cancer epidemiology·2026
Same journal

Are older adult research participants representative of the general population? Results from 19 clinical studies at one academic research center.

Contemporary clinical trials·2026
Same journal

Multi-site feasibility of a web-based and telephone navigation intervention to connect lung cancer caregivers in community oncology settings with resources: Protocol for the WF-2301CD caregiver oncology needs evaluation tool (CONNECT) trial.

Contemporary clinical trials·2026
Same journal

Rationale and design of a CArdiac rehabilitation program on the prevention of CardioTOXicity in breast Cancer patients undergoing treatment with anthracyclines and/or trastuzumab (CARPTOX-BC) trial: A randomized, active control group, open-label trial.

Contemporary clinical trials·2026
Same journal

Evaluating clinical outcomes of using Undermyfork mobile app with Dexcom G7: Protocol for CGM-Undermyfork randomized controlled trial.

Contemporary clinical trials·2026
Same journal

Outcomes of dyadic recruitment in the promoting re-engagement in meaningful activity (PRIMA) trial.

Contemporary clinical trials·2026
Same journal

Overview of the linking exercise for advancing daily stress (LEADS) management and resilience randomized controlled trial in African American families.

Contemporary clinical trials·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2025

Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting Propensity Score using the Military Health System Data Repository and National Death Index
06:55

Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting Propensity Score using the Military Health System Data Repository and National Death Index

Published on: January 8, 2020

14.5K

Addressing missing outcome data in randomised controlled trials: A methodological scoping review.

Ellie Medcalf1, Robin M Turner2, David Espinoza3

  • 1Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Contemporary Clinical Trials
|June 10, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Robust methods for handling missing outcome data in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are crucial. This review highlights analytical approaches, especially for data missing not at random (MNAR), to improve trial validity.

Keywords:
BiasMissing dataRandomised controlled trialsScoping reviewStatistical methodsTrial outcomes

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment
08:36

Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment

Published on: April 19, 2024

494
The Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score PRIUS: A Novel Method for Capturing Implementation-Related Data Over Time
06:05

The Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score PRIUS: A Novel Method for Capturing Implementation-Related Data Over Time

Published on: February 19, 2021

1.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2025

Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting Propensity Score using the Military Health System Data Repository and National Death Index
06:55

Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting Propensity Score using the Military Health System Data Repository and National Death Index

Published on: January 8, 2020

14.5K
Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment
08:36

Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment

Published on: April 19, 2024

494
The Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score PRIUS: A Novel Method for Capturing Implementation-Related Data Over Time
06:05

The Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score PRIUS: A Novel Method for Capturing Implementation-Related Data Over Time

Published on: February 19, 2021

1.3K

Area of Science:

  • Clinical Trials Methodology
  • Biostatistics
  • Data Analysis

Background:

  • Missing outcome data is prevalent in clinical trials.
  • Current methods often rely on the overly strict missing completely at random (MCAR) assumption.
  • There is a need for robust methods suitable for various missing data scenarios.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and summarize literature on analytical methods for handling missing outcome data in randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
  • To emphasize methods applicable to data missing at random (MAR) and missing not at random (MNAR) assumptions.
  • To provide guidance for trialists on selecting appropriate methods.

Main Methods:

  • A methodological scoping review was conducted.
  • Searches were performed across four major databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, CINAHL) from January 2015 to March 2023.
  • Forward and backward citation searching supplemented database searches to identify eligible papers discussing methods or frameworks for missing data in RCTs.

Main Results:

  • 101 eligible papers were identified from 1878 screened records.
  • The majority (89%) described specific methods, while 11% presented frameworks.
  • Methods for MNAR data were most frequently explored (53%), followed by MAR data (33%), with control-based methods under MNAR being most common.

Conclusions:

  • This review offers guidance on analytical approaches for missing outcome data, with a focus on the MNAR assumption.
  • The findings aim to assist trialists in employing suitable methods to address missing data.
  • Improved handling of missing data can enhance the reliability and validity of RCT findings.