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Related Concept Videos

Aggression01:47

Aggression

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Humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. Aggression takes two forms depending on one’s motives: hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain; a fight in a bar with a stranger is an example of hostile aggression. In contrast, instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain (Berkowitz, 1993); a contract killer who murders for...
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The discussion of bullying highlights the problem of witnesses not intervening to help a victim. This is a common occurrence, as the following well-publicized event demonstrates. In 1964, in Queens, New York, a 19-year-old woman named Kitty Genovese was attacked by a person with a knife near the back entrance to her apartment building and again in the hallway inside her apartment building. When the attack occurred, she screamed for help numerous times and eventually died from her stab wounds.
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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorder01:29

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The development of psychological disorders, which are characterized by deviant, maladaptive, and personally distressing behaviors, has been explored through several theoretical approaches.
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Confounding is a critical issue in epidemiological studies, often leading to misleading conclusions about associations between exposures and outcomes. It occurs when the relationship between the exposure and the outcome is mixed with the effects of other factors that influence the outcome. Given that, addressing confounding is of high importance for drawing accurate inferences in research.
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The most basic experimental design involves two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The two groups are designed to be the same except for one difference— experimental manipulation. The experimental group gets the experimental manipulation—that is, the treatment or variable being tested—and the control group does not. Since experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, we can be sure that any differences between...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2025

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress
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A comparative framework for understanding and addressing interpersonal gun violence.

Brendan Lantz1, Marin R Wenger2, Emma E Fridel2

  • 1Florida State University, Criminology and Criminal Justice Building, 112 S. Copeland Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-1273, USA. blantz@fsu.edu.

Journal of Public Health Policy
|June 10, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Gun violence is not a single issue but has many forms and outcomes. A new comparative framework helps understand risk factors for non-lethal and lethal gun violence victimization.

Keywords:
Comparative frameworkFirearm violenceGun violenceInterpersonal violenceInterventionPolicyPreventionRisk factors

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Criminology
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Gun violence is often oversimplified as a monolithic problem.
  • Understanding the diverse forms and outcomes of gun violence is crucial for effective intervention.
  • Existing approaches may not adequately address the multifaceted nature of gun violence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel comparative framework for understanding gun violence.
  • To disaggregate gun violence into various forms and categorize risk factors.
  • To inform policy development for addressing gun violence.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual framework development.
  • Comparative analysis of gun violence forms and risk factors.
  • Policy implication analysis.

Main Results:

  • Gun violence encompasses non-injurious, injurious non-lethal, and lethal outcomes.
  • A categorized approach to risk factors reveals distinct policy intervention points.
  • The framework is applicable to interpersonal gun violence in the US and internationally.

Conclusions:

  • A nuanced, comparative framework is essential for effectively addressing gun violence.
  • Disaggregating gun violence and its risk factors allows for targeted policy development.
  • This framework offers a versatile tool for public health and policy initiatives globally.