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Related Concept Videos

Chirality02:25

Chirality

23.9K
Chirality is a term that describes the lack of mirror symmetry in an object. In other words, chiral objects cannot be superposed on their mirror images. For example, our feet are chiral, as the mirror image of the left foot, the right foot, cannot be superposed on the left foot.
Chiral objects exhibit a sense of handedness when they interact with another chiral object. For example, our left foot can only fit in the left shoe and not in the right shoe. Achiral objects — objects that have...
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Chirality in Nature02:30

Chirality in Nature

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Chirality is the most intriguing yet essential facet of nature, governing life’s biochemical processes and precision. It can be observed from a snail shell pattern in a macroscopic world to an amino acid, the minutest building block of life. Most of the snails around the world have right-coiled shells because of the intrinsic chirality in their genes. All the amino acids present in the human body exist in an enantiomerically pure state, except for glycine - the sole achiral amino acid.
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Prochirality02:05

Prochirality

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The concept of prochirality leads to the nomenclature of the individual faces of a molecule and plays a crucial role in the enantioselective reaction. It is a concept where two or more achiral molecules react to produce chiral products. A typical process is the reaction of an achiral ketone to generate a chiral alcohol. Here, the achiral reactant reacts with an achiral reducing agent, sodium borohydride, to generate an equimolar mixture of the chiral enantiomers of the product. For example, an...
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Stereoisomerism of Cyclic Compounds02:33

Stereoisomerism of Cyclic Compounds

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In this lesson, we delve into the role of ring conformation and its stability, which determines the spatial arrangement and, consequently, the molecular symmetry and stereoisomerism of cyclic compounds. 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane is used as a case study to evaluate the possible number of stereoisomers. Here, given the multiple (n = 2) chiral centers, there are 2n = 4 possible configurations that lack a plane of symmetry, as the ring skeleton exists in a non-planar chair conformation. In addition,...
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Molecules with Multiple Chiral Centers02:25

Molecules with Multiple Chiral Centers

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Molecules that possess multiple chiral centers can afford a large number of stereoisomers. For instance, while some molecules like 2-butanol have one chiral center, defined as a tetrahedral carbon atom with four different substituents attached, several molecules like butane-2,3-diol have multiple chiral centers. A simple formula to predict the number of stereoisomers possible for a molecule with n chiral centers is 2n. However, there can be a lower number where some of the stereoisomers are...
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Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

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Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2025

Demonstration of Equal-Intensity Beam Generation by Dielectric Metasurfaces
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Infrared phase-change chiral metasurfaces with tunable circular dichroism.

Haotian Tang, Liliana Stan, David A Czaplewski

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    PubMed
    Summary

    Phase-change metasurfaces using GST-225 material enable tunable circular dichroism (CD) in the infrared. These devices switch CD responses by leveraging the amorphous-to-crystalline phase transition of GST, promising applications in chiral sensing and communication.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Materials Science
    • Nanotechnology

    Background:

    • Metasurfaces offer tunable electromagnetic responses.
    • Phase-change materials (PCMs) enable dynamic control of optical properties.
    • Chiral metasurfaces are crucial for manipulating light polarization.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate tunable circular dichroism (CD) in the infrared regime.
    • To utilize phase-change material GST-225 for dynamic metasurface control.
    • To design asymmetric trapezoid-shaped resonators for switchable chiroptical responses.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of phase-change chiral metasurfaces with GST-225.
    • Design of asymmetric trapezoid-shaped resonators.
    • Analysis of electromagnetic field distributions.
    • Investigation of thermal tuning via baking time during GST phase transition.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved tunable CD responses in the infrared spectrum.
    • Demonstrated switchable CD between negative and positive values via GST phase transition.
    • Correlated absorption spectrum and CD value variations with thermal tuning process.

    Conclusions:

    • Phase-change metasurfaces with tunable CD are realized using GST-225.
    • The demonstrated metasurfaces offer significant promise for infrared applications.
    • Potential applications include chiral sensing, encrypted communication, and thermal imaging.