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    We developed a new phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (Φ-OTDR) system using ultra-weak fiber Bragg gratings for sensitive distributed vibration measurements. This novel approach enhances stability and accuracy in fiber optic sensing.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optoelectronics
    • Fiber Optic Sensing
    • Photonics

    Background:

    • Distributed vibration sensing is crucial for infrastructure monitoring.
    • Existing phase-sensitive OTDR (Φ-OTDR) systems face challenges with stability and noise.
    • Ultra-weak fiber Bragg gratings (UWFBGs) offer potential for enhanced sensing capabilities.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and demonstrate a novel direct detection phase-sensitive OTDR (Φ-OTDR) system.
    • To achieve highly sensitive and stable distributed vibration measurements.
    • To overcome limitations of existing phase modulation and approximation methods in Φ-OTDR.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing an ultra-weak fiber Bragg grating (UWFBG) array for sensing.
    • Employing a double pulse generation and linear phase modulation technique.
    • Implementing an N-step phase-shifted demodulation algorithm for quantitative phase change analysis.
    • Introducing a phase-shifted approximation method to extend sensing length and improve accuracy.

    Main Results:

    • Experimental validation on a 1 km UWFBG array with -40 dB to -45 dB reflectivity.
    • Quantitative measurement of vibrations with varying amplitudes and good linearity.
    • Significant suppression of low-frequency self-noise, achieving -54.3 dB rad²/Hz overall self-noise.
    • Demonstrated exceptional sensitivity and remarkable stability in distributed vibration measurements.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed UWFBG-based Φ-OTDR system offers a novel and effective solution for distributed vibration sensing.
    • The N-step phase-shifted demodulation and phase-shifted approximation methods significantly improve accuracy and overcome traditional limitations.
    • The system exhibits high sensitivity, stability, and quantitative measurement capabilities, suitable for various monitoring applications.