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¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

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The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
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IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the...
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In IR spectroscopy, signals produced by the X−H bonds (such as C−H, O−H, or N−H) can be observed in the frequency range of  2700–4000 cm–1. The C−H stretching vibration forms sharp bands in the region 2850–3000 cm–1. The presence of the O−H stretching vibration leads to the forming of an absorption band in the frequency range 3650–3200 cm−1. At the same time, N−H stretching can be confirmed by absorption bands in...
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Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
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Adiabatic weak coherent MHz linewidth O-band single-photon carrier for low erroneous phase decoding.

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    This study enhances secure data communication using O-band lasers by stabilizing injection-locked distributed feedback lasers (DFBLDs) and interferometers. The method improves phase-shift keying (PSK) transmission over 15-km single-mode fiber (SMF).

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    Area of Science:

    • Quantum Communication
    • Optical Engineering
    • Photonics

    Background:

    • Commercially available O-band lasers for single-photon communication suffer from high fiber loss, broad linewidth, and wavelength instability.
    • Efficient phase-coding links require overcoming these limitations for high secure key rates.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To design and implement a stabilized system for O-band single-photon secure data communication.
    • To enable efficient phase-coding links with improved secure key rates over metropolitan networks.

    Main Methods:

    • A specifically designed adiabatic package with active temperature and current feedback control for paired O-band MHz-linewidth master-to-slave injection-locked distributed feedback laser diodes (DFBLDs).
    • Stabilization of a polarization-maintaining 1-bit-delay interferometer using a passively adiabatic cell for accurate differential phase decoding.
    • Suppression of phase-code distortion by precisely controlling master-injection levels and reducing biased injection to mitigate Auger heating.

    Main Results:

    • Phonon-induced phase fluctuations at bit edges were identified and attributed to intra-cavity heating from master DFBLD injection.
    • Phase-code distortion caused by over-injection-induced Auger heating was effectively suppressed.
    • Single-photon differential phase-shift (DPS) keying data transmission was achieved over 15-km single-mode fiber (SMF), with a slight increase in bit-error ratio from <3% to 6.2%.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed adiabatic packaging and feedback control stabilize O-band DFBLDs for secure communication.
    • Precise control of injection levels and bias currents effectively suppresses phase fluctuations and distortion.
    • The system enables reliable single-photon DPS-keying transmission over 15-km SMF, paving the way for enhanced metropolitan network security.