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Plastid dynamism integrates development and environment.

Maria Maddalena Altamura¹, Diego Piacentini¹, Federica Della Rovere¹

¹Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.

Plant Physiology and Biochemistry : PPB

|June 11, 2024

Summary

Land plants exhibit plastid dynamism, where plastid differentiation is controlled by development and environment. This review explores plastid communication with the nucleus and their responses to various stresses.

Keywords:

Anterograde and retrograde signaling Chloroplast conversion Plastids and phytohormones Plastids and stress Plastoglobules Sensory plastids Stromules

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Area of Science:

Plant biology
Cell biology
Molecular biology

Background:

Plastid differentiation is crucial for plant development and adapts to environmental changes.
Plastid-nucleus communication via anterograde and retrograde signaling regulates plastid capabilities.
Phytohormones play a key role in mediating plastid-nucleus signaling pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the modulation of plastid capabilities at transcriptional and post-translational levels during development and stress.
To highlight the role of plastid- and nuclear-encoded proteins in plastid development and stress responses.
To discuss plastid fate changes mediated by stromules and plastoglobules.

Main Methods:

Literature review focusing on plastid-nucleus signaling and phytohormone interactions.
Analysis of transcriptional and post-translational regulation of plastid functions.
Examination of plastid responses to abiotic stresses like salinity and heavy metals.

Main Results:

Plastid capabilities are modulated by anterograde and retrograde signaling, influenced by phytohormones.
Plastid development and stress responses involve both plastid- and nuclear-encoded proteins.
Plastid dynamism, including stromule and plastoglobule activity, contributes to adaptation to soil stress agents.

Conclusions:

Plastid dynamism is central to plant adaptation to developmental and environmental cues.
Sensory plastids in epidermis and vasculature play roles in stress sensing and signaling.
Future research should explore sensory plastids for stress memory and plastoglobule lipids as morphogenic agents.