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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2025

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

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Intrathyroidal thymic carcinoma.

Caroline Lee Chun Yun1, Ming Yann Lim2, Manish M Bundele3

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore carolineleechunyun@gmail.com.

BMJ Case Reports
|June 11, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diagnosing rare intrathyroidal thymic carcinoma (ITC) is challenging, often requiring immunohistochemistry. This case highlights surgical difficulties and the need for further research into optimal treatment strategies for this uncommon thyroid cancer.

Keywords:
Ear, nose and throat/otolaryngologyOncologyThyroid Gland

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Intrathyroidal thymic carcinoma (ITC) is an exceptionally rare thyroid malignancy.
  • Accurate preoperative diagnosis of rare thyroid cancers remains a significant clinical challenge.
  • Vocal cord palsy can indicate advanced thyroid pathology involving the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

Observation:

  • A young woman presented with a thyroid mass, hoarseness, and vocal cord paralysis.
  • Fine-needle aspiration cytology was inconclusive (Bethesda V), necessitating surgical intervention.
  • The tumor invaded adjacent structures, including the recurrent laryngeal nerve, requiring sacrifice.

Findings:

  • Final histopathology confirmed the rare diagnosis of intrathyroidal thymic carcinoma (ITC).
  • Immunohistochemical staining was crucial for definitive diagnosis, distinguishing ITC from other thyroid cancers.
  • The case underscores the limitations of preoperative diagnostic methods for rare thyroid neoplasms.

Implications:

  • This case emphasizes the critical role of immunohistochemistry in diagnosing rare thyroid cancers like ITC.
  • Management of ITC is complex due to its rarity and lack of established treatment guidelines.
  • Further research and multidisciplinary collaboration are essential for developing optimal therapeutic strategies for ITC.