Core mechanisms in generalized convulsions

A hypothetical model is proposed to account for the generalized convulsions observed in rats. Two versions of the hypothesis are discussed: an earlier, more specific formulation that accounts for kindled convulsions, and a later, general version that applies to generalized convulsions as a whole. Observations leading to the specific formulation of the model included: 1) kindling data that suggested a single downstream center responsible for kindled convulsions; 2) brain-stem stimulation data that indicated that the reticular core of that structure could initiate and maintain generalized convulsive behavior; and 3) spinal hemisection data that indicated that nonspecific systems in the cord could also maintain convulsions, even in the absence of direct input from the brain. The more specific version of the model suggests that kindled convulsions are nonspecific core seizures that occur when self-sustained epileptic activation spreads from forebrain foci to involve descending polysynaptic pathways in the nonspecific core of the brain stem and cord. Observations leading to a more general formulation of the model include the facts that: 1) maximal and submaximal convulsions in a variety of models resemble each other; and 2) they also resemble the maximal and submaximal seizures produced by direct stimulation of the brain stem and cord. The more general formulation of the nonspecific core hypothesis suggests that a wide variety of convulsions in rats may be nonspecific core seizures, differences in tonic-clonic and rostrocaudal configuration being related primarily to differences in the intensity of core activation.