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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
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Muscle Coordination and Action01:24

Muscle Coordination and Action

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Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
Agonists
Agonist muscles, often called prime movers, are the primary muscles responsible for producing a specific movement....
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
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Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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Muscle and joint function in the rotator cuff deficient shoulder.

Angus Yeung1, Ashen Fernando1, Minoo Patel2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.

Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society
|June 12, 2024
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Summary

Full-thickness rotator cuff tears disrupt shoulder stability, increasing deltoid muscle force and causing superior humeral head translation during abduction. The infraspinatus-teres minor complex is crucial for glenohumeral joint stability.

Keywords:
abductor forceglenohumeral joint translationrotator cuff tearshoulder instabilitysupraspinatus

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Human Anatomy

Background:

  • Full-thickness rotator cuff tears compromise glenohumeral joint stability by impairing humeral head coaptation.
  • Tears disrupt normal muscle force dynamics, potentially leading to joint subluxation and altered joint mechanics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify changes in muscle forces and glenohumeral joint translations during arm elevation with various rotator cuff tear configurations.
  • To investigate the biomechanical consequences of isolated and combined rotator cuff tears on shoulder joint stability.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a computer-controlled testing apparatus to simulate muscle forces and shoulder abduction in eight fresh-frozen upper limbs.
  • Measured glenohumeral joint translations using an optoelectronic system under intact and simulated tear conditions (supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor).

Main Results:

  • Rotator cuff tears significantly increased middle deltoid force during abduction (30°, 60°, 90°) compared to the intact shoulder (p < 0.05).
  • Combined supraspinatus and infraspinatus tears led to significantly greater superior humeral head translations at 30° and 60° of abduction (p < 0.05).
  • The infraspinatus-teres minor complex demonstrated a significant role as a humeral head depressor.

Conclusions:

  • Increased deltoid force in rotator cuff tears exacerbates superior humeral head migration.
  • The infraspinatus-teres minor complex is vital for maintaining glenohumeral joint stability.
  • Findings support improved diagnostic tools, surgical planning, and rehabilitation strategies for rotator cuff injuries.