Fluorescent Nitrogen-doped Carbon Dots-based Turn-off Sensor for Bilirubin

Bilirubin (BR), a heme protein produced from breakdown of haemoglobin is present in aged red blood cells; whose abnormal concentration is associated with diseases like hyperbilirubinemia, coronary disease, iron deficiency, and so on. Herein, we have synthesized a selective, sensitive, and low-cost sensing platform using fluorescent nitrogen doped carbon dots (NCDs), prepared from precursors; citric acid and urea via a simple microwave-assisted method. The emission at 444 nm on excitation with 360 nm was well quenched in presence of BR suggesting a direct turn-off detection for BR. Characterization of developed probe was done by UV-Visible absorption studies, photoluminescence studies, SEM, TEM, ATR-FTIR, XPS, and DLS analysis. BR was detected with a Limit of Detection (LoD) and Limit of Quantification (LoQ) of 0.32 µM and 1.08 µM respectively. NCDs exhibited excellent selectivity and sensitivity towards BR in the presence of co-existing biomolecules and ions. Practical feasibility was checked by paper-strip-based sensing of BR and spiked real human samples were used for conducting real sample analysis.