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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Climate Change Science

Background:

  • Climate change poses significant threats to cardiovascular health via direct physiological effects, psychological distress, and infrastructure disruption.
  • The association between climate change-related environmental stressors and cardiovascular events requires systematic review.

Approach:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted across major databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library) for studies from 1970 to 2023.
  • 492 observational studies were included, examining extreme temperatures, ground-level ozone, wildfire smoke, and extreme weather events.
  • Study quality was assessed using the Navigation Guide framework, with findings qualitatively synthesized due to study design heterogeneity.

Key Points:

  • Sufficient evidence links extreme temperatures, ground-level ozone, tropical storms/hurricanes/cyclones, and dust storms to increased cardiovascular risk.
  • Wildfire smoke showed limited evidence, while drought and mudslides had inadequate evidence for cardiovascular impact.
  • Extreme temperatures and ground-level ozone demonstrated synergistic effects on cardiovascular risk.
  • Extreme weather events like hurricanes caused prolonged cardiovascular risk, and certain populations (older adults, ethnic minorities, low-wealth communities) were disproportionately affected.

Conclusions:

  • Environmental stressors linked to climate change are associated with elevated cardiovascular risk, particularly in vulnerable groups.
  • Data on cardiovascular outcomes in low-income countries remain scarce.
  • Urgent interventions are crucial to mitigate climate change-associated cardiovascular risks, especially for susceptible populations.