A review of the use of numerical analysis in stomach modeling

Food digestion is important for human health. Advances have been made using in vitro models to study food digestion, but there is considerable potential for numerical approaches in stomach modeling, as they can provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex flow and chemistry in the stomach. The focus of this study is to provide a concise review of the developed numerical stomach models over the past two decades. The gastric physiological parameters that are required for a computational model to represent the human gastric digestion process are discussed, including the stomach geometry, gastric motility, gastric emptying, and gastric secretions. Computational methods used to model gastric digestion are introduced and compared, including different computational fluid dynamics as well as solid mechanics methods. The challenges and limitations of current studies are discussed, as well as the areas for future research that need to be addressed. There has been progress in simulating gastric fluid flow with stomach wall motion, but much work remains to be done. The complex food breakdown mechanisms and a comprehensive chemical digestion process have not been implemented in any developed models. Numerical method that was once computationally expensive will be revolutionized as computing power continues to improve. Ultimately, the advancement of modeling of gastric food digestion will allow for additional hypothesis testing to streamline the development of food products that are beneficial to human health.