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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2025

Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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Mapping cortical excitability in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

Juha Gogulski1, Christopher C Cline2, Jessica M Ross3

  • 1Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Clinical Neurosciences, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00029 HUS, Finland.

Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology
|June 12, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Mapping transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) with TMS-electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) reveals optimal stimulation targets. Personalized targeting may further enhance early TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) for depression treatment.

Keywords:
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC)Electroencephalography (EEG)TMS-EEGTMS-evoked potentials (TEPs)Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neuromodulation
  • Brain Stimulation

Background:

  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) effectively treats depression by targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC).
  • Neural effects of TMS, particularly early TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs), remain incompletely understood.
  • TMS paired with electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) offers a method to probe these neural responses, but requires careful mapping to account for subregion variability and muscle artifacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To anatomically and temporally characterize early TEPs (EL-TEPs, 20-50 ms) and muscle artifacts (<20 ms) across the dlPFC.
  • To investigate the influence of TMS location and coil angle on EL-TEPs and potential muscle artifact confounds.
  • To identify optimal group-level and personalized TMS targets for maximizing EL-TEPs in the dlPFC.

Main Methods:

  • Single-pulse TMS was applied to six dlPFC targets in 16 healthy participants.
  • EEG responses were recorded at two different coil angles for each target.
  • Analysis focused on early TEPs (EL-TEPs) and associated muscle artifacts.

Main Results:

  • Stimulation location significantly impacted EL-TEPs, with posterior and medial dlPFC targets yielding larger responses.
  • Areas with higher EL-TEP amplitude showed less muscle artifact, suggesting a spatial relationship.
  • An optimal group-level target increased EL-TEP responses by 102%, with personalized targeting potentially offering an additional 36% enhancement.

Conclusions:

  • Posterior-medial dlPFC regions allow for EL-TEP assessment with minimal muscle-related artifacts.
  • Identifying an optimal group-level TMS target enhances EL-TEP magnitude.
  • Personalized targeting offers further optimization potential for TMS-EEG studies and depression treatment protocols.