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Related Concept Videos

Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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The Central Dogma01:20

The Central Dogma

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The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
RNA is the Missing Link Between DNA and Proteins
In the early 1900s, scientists discovered that DNA stores all the information needed for cellular functions and that proteins perform most of these functions. However, the mechanisms of converting genetic information into functional proteins remained unknown for many years. Initially, it was believed that a single gene is...
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Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
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Genome Annotation and Assembly03:36

Genome Annotation and Assembly

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The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.
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Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...
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Related Experiment Video

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Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

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Decoding microbial genomes to understand their functional roles in human complex diseases.

Yifeng Wang1,2, Quanbin Dong1,2, Shixian Hu3

  • 1Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu China.

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|June 13, 2024
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The gut microbiome significantly impacts complex diseases like cardiovascular disease and cancer. Understanding its functional roles and decoding microbial genomes are key to developing personalized medicine strategies.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Microbiome research
  • Complex disease etiology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Complex diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease, obesity, cancer) affect over 20% of the global population.
  • Traditionally attributed to genetics and environment, complex diseases' origins are increasingly linked to the gut microbiome's metabolic functions.
  • The gut microbiome's role in host health and disease is a growing area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the gut microbiome's functional contributions to complex human diseases.
  • To introduce computational tools for decoding microbial genomes and assessing their functions.
  • To highlight advanced techniques for understanding the gut microbiome's mechanistic roles and advancing personalized medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on the functional roles of the gut microbiome in complex diseases.
  • Overview of bioinformatics tools and artificial intelligence for microbial genome analysis.
  • Discussion of cutting-edge technologies for mechanistic insights into host-microbiome interactions.

Main Results:

  • The gut microbiome's metabolic output is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of numerous complex diseases.
  • Genomic analysis tools enable comprehensive profiling of microbial functional potential.
  • Emerging techniques offer pathways to elucidate causal relationships between the microbiome and disease.

Conclusions:

  • The gut microbiome plays a substantial role in complex diseases, necessitating further investigation into its functional mechanisms.
  • Decoding microbial genomes and their functions is crucial for understanding disease development.
  • Advancements in microbiome research pave the way for microbiome-targeted diagnostics and personalized therapeutic strategies.